• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Exclusives
    • Nutraceuticals
    • Markets
    • Health
    • Blogs
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Buyers' Guide
    • Showcases
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Exclusives
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Markets
  • Health
  • Blogs
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Buyers' Guide
  • Showcases
  • Current & Past Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorials
    Digital Edition
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    eNewsletter
    Editorial Guidelines
    Top Features
    Healthy Snacking: Matching Lifestyle with Nutrition

    Vitamins & Minerals: Traditions in Preventive Health

    Fiber Revisited: Closing the Gap

    Green Power for Future Generations

    2019 International Buyers' Guide
    Blogs & Guest Articles
    Breaking News
    Certifications, Approvals and Patents
    Exclusives
    Industry & Market News
    People
    Products
    Regulatory
    Research
    Supplier News
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    PepsiCo to Acquire CytoSport from Hormel Foods

    Study Shows Collagen Peptides Aid Runners in Injury Recovery

    Glanbia Nutritionals to Acquire Watson

    Alkemist Labs Cuts Testing Turnaround Time by 20%

    Jim Emme to Receive American Botanical Council Champion Award for 2018
    Antioxidants
    Dairy-Based Ingredients
    Enzymes
    Fatty Acids
    Fiber & Carbohydrates
    Green Foods
    Herbs & Botanicals
    Marine Nutraceuticals
    Minerals
    Omega 3s
    Probiotics & Prebiotics
    Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
    Sweeteners
    Vitamins

    PepsiCo to Acquire CytoSport from Hormel Foods

    Study Shows Collagen Peptides Aid Runners in Injury Recovery

    Podcast: Talking Hemp & CBD 101 with AHPA’s Jane Wilson

    Jim Emme to Receive American Botanical Council Champion Award for 2018

    GOED Releases Updated Omega-3 Ingredient Market Report
    Consumer Trends
    Contract Manufacturing
    Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
    Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Dietary Supplements
    Flavors & Colors
    Functional Foods & Beverages
    Healthcare Trends
    Medical Nutrition
    Mergers & Acquisitions
    Natural/Organic
    Nutrition Bars
    Packaging
    Pet Nutraceuticals
    Quality & Safety
    Regulations
    Research
    Testing
    World Markets

    PepsiCo to Acquire CytoSport from Hormel Foods

    Study Shows Collagen Peptides Aid Runners in Injury Recovery

    Glanbia Nutritionals to Acquire Watson

    Alkemist Labs Cuts Testing Turnaround Time by 20%

    Podcast: Talking Hemp & CBD 101 with AHPA’s Jane Wilson
    Bone & Joint Health
    Cancer Risk
    Cardiovascular Health
    Cognitive Function
    Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
    Digestive Health
    Energy
    Eye Health
    Healthy Aging
    Immune Function
    Infant & Children's Health
    Inflammation
    Men's Health
    Mood Health & Sleep
    Oral Health
    Sexual & Reproductive Health
    Skin Health
    Sports Nutrition
    Weight Management/Weight Loss
    Women's Health

    Study Shows Collagen Peptides Aid Runners in Injury Recovery

    Podcast: Talking Hemp & CBD 101 with AHPA’s Jane Wilson

    Afrigetics Botanicals Sponsors Bulbine through ABC’s Adopt-an-Herb Program

    Research on Stratum Eggshell Membrane Explores Benefits for Cartilage Protection

    New Monograph on Centella asiatica Looks to Expand Use and Applications
    Industry Events
    Live From Show Events
    Webinars
    All Companies
    Categories
    Trade Associations
    Company Capabilities
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Sabinsa Corporation

    PLT Health Solutions

    Herbally Yours

    Watson Inc.

    BatchMaster Software, Inc.
    Companies
    Product Releases
    News Releases
    Literature / Brochures
    White Papers
    Jobs
    VIdeos
    Services
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Watson Inc.

    PLT Health Solutions

    Shanghai Freemen

    BatchMaster Software, Inc.

    Sabinsa Corporation
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Buyers' Guide
      • All Companies
      • Categories
      • Trade Associations
      • Company Capabilities
    • Nutraceuticals
      • Antioxidants
      • Dairy-Based Ingredients
      • Enzymes
      • Fatty Acids
      • Fiber & Carbohydrates
      • Green Foods
      • Herbs & Botanicals
      • Marine Nutraceuticals
      • Minerals
      • Omega 3s
      • Probiotics & Prebiotics
      • Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      • Sweeteners
      • Vitamins
    • Markets
      • Consumer Trends
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
      • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
      • Dietary Supplements
      • Flavors & Colors
      • Functional Foods & Beverages
      • Healthcare Trends
      • Medical Nutrition
      • Mergers & Acquisitions
      • Natural/Organic
      • Nutrition Bars
      • Packaging
      • Pet Nutraceuticals
      • Quality & Safety
      • Regulations
      • Research
      • Testing
      • World Markets
    • Health
      • Bone & Joint Health
      • Cancer Risk
      • Cardiovascular Health
      • Cognitive Function
      • Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
      • Digestive Health
      • Energy
      • Eye Health
      • Healthy Aging
      • Immune Function
      • Infant & Children's Health
      • Inflammation
      • Men's Health
      • Mood Health & Sleep
      • Oral Health
      • Sexual & Reproductive Health
      • Skin Health
      • Sports Nutrition
      • Weight Management/Weight Loss
      • Women's Health
    • Online Exclusives
    • Webinars
    • Slideshows
    • Blogs & Guest Articles
    • Health E-Insights
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Infographics
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • TrendSense
      • Monograph Center
      • White Papers
      • Research News
    • Jobs
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Supplier Showcases
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • News Releases
      • Literature / Brochures
      • White Papers
      • Jobs
      • VIdeos
      • Services
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Online Exclusives

    2018 Farm Bill Brings Victory for Hemp, Uncertainty for CBD

    While hemp and its derivatives can now be legal dietary ingredients, the status of CBD is still in doubt.

    Related CONTENT
    • CRN Hires Communications Executive Brian Wommack
    • MarketWatch 2018
    • CV Sciences Self-Affirms GRAS Status of Hemp Extract
    • Green Foods: Whole Nutrition for Health-Minded Consumers
    • Active Ingredients for Mood & Sleep, A-Z
    By Lisa Olivo, Associate Editor01.14.19
    On Dec. 20, 2018 President Donald J. Trump signed the 2018 “Agriculture Improvement Act” (more commonly referred to as the Farm Bill) into law, and with it came a huge victory for purveyors of hemp and hemp-derived products. With passage of the bill, hemp was declassified as a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act, meaning that under federal law the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) no longer views hemp as an illegal substance, thus separating it from marijuana.
     
    Hemp cultivation will now be supervised by the Department of Agriculture, opening it up to eligibility for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) research grants, federal crop insurance, participation in the National Organic Program (NOP), as well as access to banking and other financial tools supporting the production of agricultural commodities.
     
    “The good news is that the Drug Enforcement Agency [DEA] is not out of the picture for any governance role for hemp,” said Jane Wilson, American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) director of program development and liaison to the AHPA Cannabis Committee in a Dec. 19 webinar. With the new bill, USDA will take the helm as the primary regulatory authority for domestic production of hemp, along with state and tribal governments, she noted.
     
    Despite these seismic shifts, the 2018 Farm Bill does not change any of the regulatory authority of FDA over hemp-derived products.
     
    In his statement on the passage of the Farm Bill, FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, MD, stressed that “Congress explicitly preserved the agency’s current authority to regulate products containing cannabis or cannabis-derived compounds under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) and section 351 of the Public Health Service Act.” In doing so, he said, “Congress recognized the agency’s important public health role with respect to all the products it regulates. This allows the FDA to continue enforcing the law to protect patients and the public while also providing potential regulatory pathways for products containing cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds.”
     
    Defining Hemp
    The Hemp Farming Act of 2018 (S. 2667) was attached to the 2018 Farm Bill in a bipartisan effort. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnel (R-KY) took particular interest in advancing the bill, ensuring the final Conference Committee included provisions for hemp.
     
    The hemp provisions of the 2018 Farm Bill amended the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (also called the AMA), establishing a new definition of hemp. Hemp is now defined as “the plant Cannabis sativa L. and any part of that plant, including the seeds thereof and all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] concentration of not more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis.” 
     
    “It’s important to note that the new definition is inclusive of the whole plant,” noted Ms. Wilson, “as well as all derivatives of the plant, including cannabinoids which may come from the Cannabis sativa.”
     
    CBD Caution
    Despite the new regulatory status for hemp, under the FD&C Act, hemp and cannabidiol (CBD) are two separate entities.
     
    “Hemp is a botanical, or any kind of derivative or extract that’s identified as coming from hemp. Although these products may contain CBD, they’re not specifically labeled for CBD content.” On the other hand, “CBD products or products that are labeled for specifically containing CBD are a separate article,” noted Ms. Wilson.
     
    Hemp—the herb itself or any concentrate, constituent or extract—is now clearly eligible for use in dietary supplements according to the FD&C Act, so long as the level of THC present does not exceed 0.3%.
     
    “Unfortunately, the passage of the Farm Bill doesn’t do much to clarify the FDA regulatory status of CBD containing dietary supplements,” lamented Ms. Wilson.
     
    FDA’s public position is that products containing THC or CBD cannot be sold as a dietary supplement. According to the agency, “FDA has concluded that THC and CBD products are excluded from the dietary supplement definition under sections 201(ff)(3)(B)(i) and (ii) of the FD&C Act, respectively. Under those provisions, if a substance (such as THC or CBD) is an active ingredient in a drug product that has been approved under 21 U.S.C. § 355 (section 505 of the FD&C Act), or has been authorized for investigation as a new drug for which substantial clinical investigations have been instituted and for which the existence of such investigations has been made public, then products containing that substance are outside the definition of a dietary supplement.”
     
    FDA has pointed to provisions of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) in support of its position that CBD cannot be used in dietary supplements, in addition to the authorization of an investigational new drug application for the research from GW Pharmaceuticals for its Epidiolex drug product, noted Ms. Wilson. However, she observed that FDA hasn’t taken strong enforcement action against CBD product marketers, unless they were making unlawful claims.
     
    In Dr. Gottlieb’s comments on the passage of the Farm Bill, he underscored the problem of companies making such unlawful claims, noting that FDA has issued warning letters to companies illegally marketing CBD products.
     
    He said FDA “continue[s] to be concerned at the number of drug claims being made about products not approved by the FDA that claim to contain CBD or other cannabis-derived compounds. Among other things, the FDA requires a cannabis product (hemp-derived or otherwise) that is marketed with a claim of therapeutic benefit, or with any other disease claim, to be approved by the FDA for its intended use before it may be introduced into interstate commerce.... Cannabis and cannabis-derived products claiming in their marketing and promotional materials that they’re intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of diseases (such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, psychiatric disorders and diabetes) are considered new drugs or new animal drugs and must go through the FDA drug approval process for human or animal use before they are marketed in the U.S. Selling unapproved products with unsubstantiated therapeutic claims is not only a violation of the law, but also can put patients at risk, as these products have not been proven to be safe or effective.”
     
    Dr. Gottlieb stressed that CBD “regardless of whether the substances are hemp-derived” are not approved for use in food or dietary supplements, and that FDA will take action against companies illegally selling cannabis and cannabis-derived products, or those making unsubstantiated health claims.
     
    Industry Response
    Discussing Dr. Gottlieb’s statements on hemp’s new standing as a result of the Farm Bill, AHPA President Michael McGuffin said he sees this “as an indication that FDA shares our desire for hemp and CBD products to be properly regulated under federal law, and now recognizes its statutory authority to address the agency’s view of the prior-drug status of some Cannabis compounds through rulemaking.”
     
    Mr. McGuffin pointed to Dr. Gottlieb’s emphasis on legal requirements for food additives and new dietary ingredients (NDIs) “a clear signal of FDA’s thinking, and we should not be surprised if any forthcoming FDA action focuses on compliance with the law’s provisions for NDI notifications for supplement ingredients, and for hemp ingredients used in foods to meet the provisions to establish these as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) under the law.”
     
    Commissioner Gottlieb’s statement also announced that FDA intends to convene a public meeting in the near future to discuss products that contain hemp-derived ingredients, including food and supplement products. 
     
    “AHPA has been engaged in issues related to the safe use and responsible commerce of lawfully marketed products derived from Cannabis since 2010 and we will continue to actively participate in any and all relevant FDA meetings and rulemaking activities,” noted AHPA’s Ms. Wilson. 
     
    Meanwhile, Steve Mister, president & CEO, for the Council For Responsible Nutrition (CRN) applauded the inclusion of the Hemp Farming Act in the Farm Bill and providing “a framework for the lawful cultivation and marketing of hemp and its constituents, including cannabidiol (CBD).”
     
    He commented, “This provision removes one of the barriers to the lawful marketing of CBD in a range of dietary supplement, food, and personal care products and will allow for greater research and understanding of this substance as a legitimate agricultural commodity.”

    Looking ahead, Mr. Mister suggested the industry must now work with FDA to discuss legal concerns surrounding CBD in the dietary supplement and food and beverage categories. He stressed that “in anticipation of increased market interest in CBD, CRN reminds industry that the Farm Bill has no effect on FDA’s position that CBD is excluded from use in food and dietary supplements, citing a definitional matter that prohibits ingredients from being marketed in food or supplements if they were previously studied in clinical trials for pharmaceutical purposes. CRN looks forward to engaging with FDA to address those concerns.”

    GRAS Approvals
    On Dec. 20, FDA granted GRAS notices for hemp seed-derived food ingredients, which were submitted by Fresh Hemp Foods, Ltd. The company submitted hulled hemp seed, hemp seed protein powder, and hemp seed oil for review and the agency had no questions about the company’s conclusion that the ingredients were safe under their intended conditions of use.
     
    The GRAS conclusions can apply to ingredients from other companies, FDA noted, “if they are manufactured in a way that is consistent with the notices and they meet the listed specifications.” Intended uses for these ingredients include “adding them as source of protein, carbohydrates, oil, and other nutrients to beverages (juices, smoothies, protein drinks, plant-based alternatives to dairy products), soups, dips, spreads, sauces, dressings, plant-based alternatives to meat products, desserts, baked goods, cereals, snacks and nutrition bars.”
     
     
    Related Searches
    • Organic
    • Diabetes
    • Extracts
    • Dietary Supplement
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Dietary Supplements
    • Quality & Safety
    • Herbs & Botanicals
    Suggested For You
    Consumer-Focused Podcast from Twinlab Aims to Clarify CBD Confusion Consumer-Focused Podcast from Twinlab Aims to Clarify CBD Confusion
    The Magical Mystery Tour Also Known as Cannabis Sativa The Magical Mystery Tour Also Known as Cannabis Sativa
    Healthy Snacking: Matching Lifestyle with Nutrition Healthy Snacking: Matching Lifestyle with Nutrition
    Nutritional Supplements Access Preserved in Arizona Nutritional Supplements Access Preserved in Arizona
    FDA Launches Dietary Supplement Working Group FDA Launches Dietary Supplement Working Group
    Availability of CBD Liability Insurance (and Actual Coverage) is Often Scarce Availability of CBD Liability Insurance (and Actual Coverage) is Often Scarce
    10 Healthy Snack Trends for 2019 10 Healthy Snack Trends for 2019
    Demystifying the Regulatory Status of CBD Demystifying the Regulatory Status of CBD
    BI BI's Rupa Das Appointed Interim Chair of AHPA Board of Trustees
    AHPA Requests Pullulan be Allowed in Organic Dietary Supplements AHPA Requests Pullulan be Allowed in Organic Dietary Supplements
    Green Foods: Whole Nutrition for Health-Minded Consumers Green Foods: Whole Nutrition for Health-Minded Consumers
    Active Ingredients for Mood & Sleep, A-Z Active Ingredients for Mood & Sleep, A-Z
    Finding Balance Amid Chaos Finding Balance Amid Chaos
    CV Sciences Self-Affirms GRAS Status of Hemp Extract CV Sciences Self-Affirms GRAS Status of Hemp Extract
    MarketWatch 2018 MarketWatch 2018

    Related Online Exclusives

    • Dietary Supplements | Quality & Safety | Regulations
      FDA Plans to Modernize Dietary Supplement Regulations

      FDA Plans to Modernize Dietary Supplement Regulations

      Agency seeks to balance consumer access to safe, lawful products while promoting industry innovation.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 02.12.19

    • Dietary Supplements | Functional Foods & Beverages | Green Foods | Marine Nutraceuticals | Natural/Organic
      Algae Breeds New Era of Nutritional Products

      Algae Breeds New Era of Nutritional Products

      With a long history of traditional use, companies are harvesting and harnessing a functional family of bioactive compounds.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 01.30.19

    • Consumer Trends | Healthcare Trends | Herbs & Botanicals | Inflammation | Omega-3s | Regulations | Research | Vitamins | World Markets
      Top Podcasts of 2018

      Top Podcasts of 2018

      Take a listen to Nutraceuticals World’s most popular podcasts of 2018.
      12.31.18


    • Antioxidants | Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics | Functional Foods & Beverages | Herbs & Botanicals | Minerals | Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      Top Stories of 2018

      Top Stories of 2018

      Revisiting the most popular stories on NutraceuticalsWorld.com in the past year.
      12.21.18

    • Dietary Supplements | Digestive Health | Immune Function | Probiotics & Prebiotics | Quality & Safety | Research
      Harvard Researcher Questions Probiotic Benefits

      Harvard Researcher Questions Probiotic Benefits

      While a popular, fast-growing market, probiotics still have critics.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 09.26.18

    • Bone & Joint Health | Cognitive Function | Dietary Supplements | Herbs & Botanicals | Men's Health | Mood Health & Sleep | Research | Sports Nutrition
      Ashwagandha: Leading the Adaptogenic Revolution

      Ashwagandha: Leading the Adaptogenic Revolution

      With a broad range of traditional uses, this flagship botanical of Ayurveda has taken root in modern markets.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 05.31.18


    • Antioxidants | Dietary Supplements | Healthy Aging | Immune Function | Sports Nutrition
      Astaxanthin: An Antioxidant Powerhouse

      Astaxanthin: An Antioxidant Powerhouse

      Natural astaxanthin from microalgae supports a range of health applications.
      By Lisa Olivo, Associate Editor 04.25.18

    • Bone & Joint Health | Cancer Risk | Cardiovascular Health | Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Digestive Health | Functional Foods & Beverages | Healthcare Trends | Herbs & Botanicals | Inflammation | Sports Nutrition
      A Golden Opportunity: The Rise of Turmeric & Curcumin

      A Golden Opportunity: The Rise of Turmeric & Curcumin

      This traditional botanical has long roots in history that are finally reaching consumers around the world.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 03.28.18

    • Bone & Joint Health | Cardiovascular Health | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Vitamins
      Vitamin K in Focus

      Vitamin K in Focus

      Important for bone and cardiovascular health, vitamin K2 has benefited from strong science and growing awareness.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 01.25.18


    • Probiotics & Prebiotics | Regulations | World Markets
      International Probiotics Association Takes Aim at Harmonized Probiotic Guidelines

      International Probiotics Association Takes Aim at Harmonized Probiotic Guidelines

      Discussions with Codex look to establish a universal standard promoting worldwide quality and safety.
      By Lisa Olivo, Associate Editor 01.16.18

    • Cognitive Function | Consumer Trends | Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Digestive Health | Functional Foods & Beverages | Healthcare Trends | Immune Function | Probiotics & Prebiotics | Sports Nutrition
      Focus on Probiotics

      Focus on Probiotics

      Overwhelming demand for digestive support catapults growth for the probiotic market.
      By Lisa Olivo, Associate Editor 11.30.17

    • Quality & Safety | Regulations | Sports Nutrition
      FDA Warns Against SARMs in Body-Building Products

      FDA Warns Against SARMs in Body-Building Products

      Selective androgen receptor modulators are not approved for human use or consumption in the U.S.
      11.14.17

    • Cardiovascular Health | Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids | Regulations
      FDA Considers Revoking Soy Protein’s Authorized Heart Health Claim

      FDA Considers Revoking Soy Protein’s Authorized Heart Health Claim

      If rule finalized, agency intends to allow the use of a qualified health claim 'as long as there is sufficient evidence.'
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 11.01.17

    • Antioxidants | Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Eye Health | Healthcare Trends | Healthy Aging | Herbs & Botanicals | Infant & Children's Health
      Macular Carotenoids Offer Protection from Blue Light at Every Age

      Macular Carotenoids Offer Protection from Blue Light at Every Age

      High-energy blue light exposure is becoming a significant concern for consumers as use of digital devices grows.
      By Lisa Olivo, Associate Editor 10.25.17

    • Consumer Trends | Healthcare Trends | Mergers & Acquisitions | Quality & Safety
      What Could Amazon’s Acquisition of Whole Foods Mean for the Natural Products Industry?

      What Could Amazon’s Acquisition of Whole Foods Mean for the Natural Products Industry?

      Amazon's purchase of the natural products retailer could shake things up for the health and wellness category.
      By Lisa Olivo, Associate Editor 07.27.17

    Breaking News
    • Health Drives Surge in Alternative, Plant-Based Product Options
    • PepsiCo to Acquire CytoSport from Hormel Foods
    • Study Shows Collagen Peptides Aid Runners in Injury Recovery
    • Glanbia Nutritionals to Acquire Watson
    • Alkemist Labs Cuts Testing Turnaround Time by 20%
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    Jan/Feb 2019

    • Fiber Revisited: Closing the Gap
    • Green Power for Future Generations
    • Healthy Snacking: Matching Lifestyle with Nutrition
    • Vitamins & Minerals: Traditions in Preventive Health
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • privacy policy
    • term and condition
    • about us
    • contact us

    follow us

    Subscribe

    magazines

    Image
    Image
    Image
    Image
    Image
    Image
    Image
    Image
    Image
    Image
    Image

    Copyright © 2019 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login