• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Exclusives
    • Nutraceuticals
    • Markets
    • Health
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Buyers' Guide
    • Showcases
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Exclusives
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Markets
  • Health
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Buyers' Guide
  • Showcases
  • Current & Past Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorials
    Digital Edition
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    eNewsletter
    Editorial Guidelines
    Top Features
    Citrus Support for the Blood Glucose-Immune System Connection

    A Glance At The Eye Health Market

    The Value of Vitamin D Testing

    A Growing Need for Mineral Supplementation

    More Than Just A Trend: Supplements Embedded in Consumer Health Regimens
    Breaking News
    Certifications, Approvals and Patents
    Exclusives
    Industry & Market News
    People
    Products
    Regulatory
    Research
    Supplier News
    Supplier Insights
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    NIH Study Compares Low-Fat, Plant-based to Low-Carb, Animal-Based Diet

    Gadot Positions Mineral Line for Vegan Market

    Nutritfy India to Launch Global Broadcast Channel Covering Nutrition

    FrieslandCampina Launches Biotis Immune Health Ingredient

    Astaxanthin Microencapsulated with Spirulina Targets ‘Mental Agility’ and Healthy Aging
    Exclusives
    Blogs & Guest Articles
    Health E-Insights
    Area Code 420
    eBook
    Antioxidants
    Dairy-Based Ingredients
    Enzymes
    Fatty Acids
    Fiber & Carbohydrates
    Green Foods
    Herbs & Botanicals
    Marine Nutraceuticals
    Minerals
    Omega 3s
    Probiotics & Prebiotics
    Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
    Sweeteners
    Vitamins

    Gadot Positions Mineral Line for Vegan Market

    FrieslandCampina Launches Biotis Immune Health Ingredient

    Astaxanthin Microencapsulated with Spirulina Targets ‘Mental Agility’ and Healthy Aging

    Ingredient Manufacturers Discuss the E-Sports Market

    Study Highlights Differences Between EPA's and DHA's Effect on Sleep
    Consumer Trends
    Contract Manufacturing
    Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
    Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Dietary Supplements
    Flavors & Colors
    Functional Foods & Beverages
    Healthcare Trends
    Medical Nutrition
    Mergers & Acquisitions
    Natural/Organic
    Nutrition Bars
    Packaging
    Pet Nutraceuticals
    Quality & Safety
    Regulations
    Research
    Testing
    World Markets

    NIH Study Compares Low-Fat, Plant-based to Low-Carb, Animal-Based Diet

    Gadot Positions Mineral Line for Vegan Market

    Nutritfy India to Launch Global Broadcast Channel Covering Nutrition

    FrieslandCampina Launches Biotis Immune Health Ingredient

    Ingredient Manufacturers Discuss the E-Sports Market
    Bone & Joint Health
    Cancer Risk
    Cardiovascular Health
    Cognitive Function
    Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
    Digestive Health
    Energy
    Eye Health
    Healthy Aging
    Immune Function
    Infant & Children's Health
    Inflammation
    Men's Health
    Mood Health & Sleep
    Oral Health
    Sexual & Reproductive Health
    Skin Health
    Sports Nutrition
    Weight Management/Weight Loss
    Women's Health

    NIH Study Compares Low-Fat, Plant-based to Low-Carb, Animal-Based Diet

    FrieslandCampina Launches Biotis Immune Health Ingredient

    Astaxanthin Microencapsulated with Spirulina Targets ‘Mental Agility’ and Healthy Aging

    Ingredient Manufacturers Discuss the E-Sports Market

    Euromonitor Names Top Ten Trends for 2021
    Industry Events
    Live From Show Events
    Webinars
    All Companies
    Categories
    Trade Associations
    Company Capabilities
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    KLK OLEO - Davos Life Science

    Vesta Nutra

    Indena USA, Inc.

    Verdure Sciences

    AIDP
    Companies
    Product Releases
    News Releases
    Literature / Brochures
    White Papers
    Jobs
    VIdeos
    Services
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Vesta Nutra

    Aiya America (Matcha by Aiya)

    Sabinsa Corporation

    Verdure Sciences

    Indena USA, Inc.
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Buyers' Guide
      • All Companies
      • Categories
      • Trade Associations
      • Company Capabilities
    • Nutraceuticals
      • Antioxidants
      • Dairy-Based Ingredients
      • Enzymes
      • Fatty Acids
      • Fiber & Carbohydrates
      • Green Foods
      • Herbs & Botanicals
      • Marine Nutraceuticals
      • Minerals
      • Omega 3s
      • Probiotics & Prebiotics
      • Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      • Sweeteners
      • Vitamins
    • Markets
      • Consumer Trends
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
      • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
      • Dietary Supplements
      • Flavors & Colors
      • Functional Foods & Beverages
      • Healthcare Trends
      • Medical Nutrition
      • Mergers & Acquisitions
      • Natural/Organic
      • Nutrition Bars
      • Packaging
      • Pet Nutraceuticals
      • Quality & Safety
      • Regulations
      • Research
      • Testing
      • World Markets
    • Health
      • Bone & Joint Health
      • Cancer Risk
      • Cardiovascular Health
      • Cognitive Function
      • Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
      • Digestive Health
      • Energy
      • Eye Health
      • Healthy Aging
      • Immune Function
      • Infant & Children's Health
      • Inflammation
      • Men's Health
      • Mood Health & Sleep
      • Oral Health
      • Sexual & Reproductive Health
      • Skin Health
      • Sports Nutrition
      • Weight Management/Weight Loss
      • Women's Health
    • Online Exclusives
    • Webinars
    • Slideshows
    • Blogs & Guest Articles
    • Health E-Insights
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • eBook
    • Infographics
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • TrendSense
      • Monograph Center
      • White Papers
      • Research News
    • Jobs
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Supplier Showcases
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • News Releases
      • Literature / Brochures
      • White Papers
      • Jobs
      • VIdeos
      • Services
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Breaking News

    JAMA Study Uncovers Unapproved Ingredients in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements

    Between 2007-2016 the report found 776 adulterated products identified by FDA.

    JAMA Study Uncovers Unapproved Ingredients in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements
    Related CONTENT
    • Ingredient Manufacturers Discuss the E-Sports Market
    • Botanical Research: Botanicals & Immunity, Kava Challenges, Turmeric Therapeutics and More
    • NSF Begins New Certification Program
    • TA Associates Acquires Significant Stake in OmniActive Health Technologies
    • CuminUP60®: Most Potent and Water Soluble Curcumin 60
    10.12.18
    A newly released study published in JAMA, “Unapproved Pharmaceutical Ingredients Included in Dietary Supplements Associated With US Food and Drug Administration Warnings,” set out to analyze trends across adulterated dietary supplements that contained unapproved ingredients, and came away with troubling conclusions, particularly for the sexual enhancement, weight management, and muscle building categories.
     
    In this quality improvement study, data were extracted from FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Tainted Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements_CDER database during the determined time period of 2007-2016. Data from each warning were recorded unless multiple warnings were issued for the same product within a six-month period. Date, product name, company, hidden ingredient(s), product category, source of sample, and warning document type were recorded for each included warning.
     
    Between 2007-2016, 776 adulterated dietary supplements were identified by FDA and 146 different dietary supplement companies were implicated. The supplements most commonly impacted were for sexual enhancement (353 [45.5%]), weight loss (317 [40.9%]), or muscle building (92 [11.9%]), with 157 adulterated products (20.2%) containing more than one unapproved ingredient.
     
    The most commonly identified adulterants included sildenafil—the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Viagra—for sexual enhancement supplements (166 of 353 [47.0%]). The most common adulterant in weight loss supplements was sibutramine (269 of 317 [84.9%]), a weight loss drug that was removed from the U.S. market in 2010 because of cardiovascular risks. Synthetic steroids or steroid-like ingredients were most commonly found in muscle building supplements (82 of 92 [89.1%]). 
     
    There were 28 products named in two or three warnings more than six months apart. Of these products, 19 (67.9%) were reported to contain new unapproved ingredients in the second or third warning, indicating that FDA products that were adulterated more than once.
     
    Researchers concluded that dietary supplements, particularly those for sexual enhancement and weight loss, continue to have unapproved pharmaceutical ingredients present, even after FDA warnings. The study’s authors stated that “drug ingredients in these dietary supplements have the potential to cause serious adverse health effects owing to accidental misuse, overuse, or interaction with other medications, underlying health conditions, or other pharmaceuticals within the supplement.”
     
    Industry Reaction
    In response to the article, the Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN), offered three reminders for consumers:
    • These are illegal and unsafe tainted products that should be avoided. Do not purchase products with outrageous names sold by unknown or unfamiliar brands and companies. Purchase products from nationally recognized brands or store brands, and through reputable retailers, distributors, or websites.
    • Be wary of products marketed as dietary supplements that have drug-like claims or promise unrealistic results, especially in the categories of sexual enhancement, weight loss, or muscle building. These tainted, illegal products are not dietary supplements.
    • Always talk to your doctor or healthcare practitioner about all of the dietary supplements and other self-care products you use, especially if you’re thinking about starting something new. 
    CRN added that it is important for consumers to be aware that the products named in the article are tainted products and are part of a fraudulent industry. It stressed that the “mainstream, responsible dietary supplement market is made up of safe, quality products that are manufactured and marketed by law-abiding, ethical companies committed to consumers and their safety.”
     
    Daniel Fabricant, PhD, president and CEO of the Natural Products Association (NPA), said the organization is “committed to working with the FDA to prevent supplements masquerading as drugs from reaching consumers and ensuring people who break the law are punished. The safety record of the dietary supplement and natural products industry is far superior to prescription drugs or even conventional foods because of a strong federal regulatory regime, significant investment in product safety and quality, consumer demand and self-regulatory programs developed by the men and women of our industry, who want to help people lead healthier lifestyles.” He added that NPA strongly supports the prosecution of criminal activity and has robust internal measures and quality assurance programs to report bad actors to authorities.
    Related Searches
    • Adulterated
    • Regulatory
    • Health
    • Healthcare
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Dietary Supplements
    • Regulations
    • Sports Nutrition
    Suggested For You
    Ingredient Manufacturers Discuss the E-Sports Market Ingredient Manufacturers Discuss the E-Sports Market
    Botanical Research: Botanicals & Immunity, Kava Challenges, Turmeric Therapeutics and More Botanical Research: Botanicals & Immunity, Kava Challenges, Turmeric Therapeutics and More
    NSF Begins New Certification Program NSF Begins New Certification Program
    TA Associates Acquires Significant Stake in OmniActive Health Technologies TA Associates Acquires Significant Stake in OmniActive Health Technologies
    CuminUP60®: Most Potent and Water Soluble Curcumin 60 CuminUP60®: Most Potent and Water Soluble Curcumin 60
    Time for a Change—The Innovative Combination of Dietary Supplements and RTD Beverages Time for a Change—The Innovative Combination of Dietary Supplements and RTD Beverages
    Chenland Series-Preclinical Studies: A 100% Plant-based Bone Health Solution Chenland Series-Preclinical Studies: A 100% Plant-based Bone Health Solution
    Gadot Reports Stable Zinc Supply for Winter Demand Gadot Reports Stable Zinc Supply for Winter Demand
    AHPA Updates Online Botanical Safety Handbook AHPA Updates Online Botanical Safety Handbook
    Women’s Health Clinical Brand Manager Women’s Health Clinical Brand Manager
    The Guardian of Blood Pressure From the Ocean The Guardian of Blood Pressure From the Ocean
    Mental Wellness and Brain Health Supplements Featured in Global Wellness Institute Market Report Mental Wellness and Brain Health Supplements Featured in Global Wellness Institute Market Report
    FTC Takes Action on CBD Claims, Issuing Penalties FTC Takes Action on CBD Claims, Issuing Penalties
    FDA Warns Against Male Enhancement and Weight Loss Products Sold Online FDA Warns Against Male Enhancement and Weight Loss Products Sold Online
    OptiMSM Shown In Study to Have Benefits in Combination with CBD OptiMSM Shown In Study to Have Benefits in Combination with CBD

    Related Breaking News

    • Breaking News | Cardiovascular Health | Consumer Trends | Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management | Functional Foods & Beverages | Medical Nutrition | Research | Research News | Weight Management/Weight Loss
      NIH Study Compares Low-Fat, Plant-based to Low-Carb, Animal-Based Diet

      NIH Study Compares Low-Fat, Plant-based to Low-Carb, Animal-Based Diet

      Ketogenic and plant-based diets each have unique short-term advantages, the researchers concluded.
      Mike Montemarano, Associate Editor 01.21.21

    • Breaking News | Consumer Trends | Contract Manufacturing | Dairy-Based Ingredients | Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Functional Foods & Beverages | Immune Function | Medical Nutrition | Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids | Supplier News | World Markets
      FrieslandCampina Launches Biotis Immune Health Ingredient

      FrieslandCampina Launches Biotis Immune Health Ingredient

      The new dairy-derived lactoferrin ingredient can be used in a variety of formulations.
      01.21.21

    • Antioxidants | Bone & Joint Health | Breaking News | Cognitive Function | Consumer Trends | Contract Manufacturing | Dietary Supplements | Energy | Eye Health | Fiber & Carbohydrates | Functional Foods & Beverages | Inflammation | Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids | Supplier Insights | World Markets
      Ingredient Manufacturers Discuss the E-Sports Market

      Ingredient Manufacturers Discuss the E-Sports Market

      Companies on the cusp of a new clientele seeking novel health and performance benefits discuss the advent of the E-sports nutrition market.
      01.20.21


    • Breaking News | Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Functional Foods & Beverages | Immune Function | Industry & Market News | Mood Health & Sleep
      Euromonitor Names Top Ten Trends for 2021

      Euromonitor Names Top Ten Trends for 2021

      One year into a world reshaped by COVID-19, themes of resilience and adaptability during hardships have manifested greatly in food and nutrition.
      01.20.21

    • Breaking News | Dietary Supplements | Energy | Mood Health & Sleep | Omega-3s | Research | Research News
      Study Highlights Differences Between EPA

      Study Highlights Differences Between EPA's and DHA's Effect on Sleep

      With different biological mechanisms, these two omega-3 fatty acids have unique roles to play in sleep quality, efficiency, and subjective feelings of rest.
      01.20.21

    • Antioxidants | Breaking News | Cardiovascular Health | Certifications, Approvals & Patents | Marine Nutraceuticals | Research | Sports Nutrition | Supplier News
      BGG Obtains U.S. Patent on AstaZine Natural Astaxanthin for Heart Function During Exercise

      BGG Obtains U.S. Patent on AstaZine Natural Astaxanthin for Heart Function During Exercise

      Results of a clinical trial found subjects taking AstaZine experienced heart rates on average 10% lower during endurance training than the placebo group.
      01.18.21


    • Bone & Joint Health | Breaking News | Dietary Supplements | Healthy Aging | Herbs & Botanicals | Inflammation | Natural/Organic | Research | Research News
      Cistanche Tubulosa Botanical Shown to Attenuate Locomotive Syndrome

      Cistanche Tubulosa Botanical Shown to Attenuate Locomotive Syndrome

      In an aging society, preventing dysfunction in the ability to walk is key to long-term quality of life for many.
      01.18.21

    • Breaking News | Cognitive Function | Dietary Supplements | Infant & Children's Health | Medical Nutrition | Omega-3s | Research | Research News
      Maternal Dietary Intake of Fish, Omega-3s, and Omega-6s Linked to Child Neurodevelopment

      Maternal Dietary Intake of Fish, Omega-3s, and Omega-6s Linked to Child Neurodevelopment

      A large-scale epidemiological study found that omega-6 fatty acids are also an important component for development down the line.
      01.18.21

    • Breaking News | Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management | Functional Foods & Beverages | Healthcare Trends | Medical Nutrition | Research | Research News | Weight Management/Weight Loss
      Short Term Low-Carb Diet Linked to Remission of Type 2 Diabetes

      Short Term Low-Carb Diet Linked to Remission of Type 2 Diabetes

      While most benefits diminished within a year, researchers point to this eating pattern as a possible therapy.
      01.18.21


    • Breaking News | Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management | Energy | Healthcare Trends | Healthy Aging | Inflammation | Medical Nutrition | Research | Research News | Weight Management/Weight Loss
      Brown Fat Associated with Reductions in Chronic Disease Risk

      Brown Fat Associated with Reductions in Chronic Disease Risk

      A study of 50,000 people highlighted that this clinical target is well worth investigating in the field of nutrition.
      01.15.21

    • Breaking News | Dietary Supplements | Digestive Health | Healthcare Trends | Immune Function | Medical Nutrition | Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids | Research | Research News
      NIH Study Identifies Antibacterial Properties in Taurine

      NIH Study Identifies Antibacterial Properties in Taurine

      The amino acid helps the gut “recall” prior infections to kill invading bacteria, the authors of the study said.
      01.15.21

    • Breaking News | Certifications, Approvals & Patents | Contract Manufacturing | Dietary Supplements | Quality & Safety | Testing | World Markets
      NSF Begins New Certification Program

      NSF Begins New Certification Program

      The third-party testing organization will also expand its dietary supplement GMP program to include manufacturers of cosmetics, personal care, and over-the-counter products.
      01.14.21


    • Antioxidants | Breaking News | Dietary Supplements | Herbs & Botanicals | Inflammation | Natural/Organic | Research | Supplier News
      Eriocitrin Shown to Have Metabolic Benefits in Recent Study

      Eriocitrin Shown to Have Metabolic Benefits in Recent Study

      This lemon-sourced flavonone was assessed for benefits to oxidative stress, inflammation, and the metabolism of glucose and lipids in mice.
      01.14.21

    • Breaking News | Herbs & Botanicals | Natural/Organic | Quality & Safety | Regulations | Regulatory News
      AHPA Requests FDA Take a New Approach on Produce Regulation Affecting Herbs

      AHPA Requests FDA Take a New Approach on Produce Regulation Affecting Herbs

      Many herbs are subject to the same requirements as vegetables which are eaten raw.
      01.14.21

    • Breaking News | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Immune Function | Inflammation | Medical Nutrition | Natural/Organic | Omega-3s | Research | Research News
      Preliminary Study Suggests Link Between Omega-3s and Lower COVID-19 Death Rates

      Preliminary Study Suggests Link Between Omega-3s and Lower COVID-19 Death Rates

      While a long stretch from thresholds of significance, the researchers are seeking to further substantiate these initial findings.
      01.12.21

    Trending
    • Nutrition Industry Reacts To 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines For Americans
    • Preliminary Study Suggests Link Between Omega-3s And Lower COVID-19 Death Rates
    • NOW Raises Additional Concerns About Supplements Available On Amazon
    • High-Protein Meal Replacement Improves Exercise Metabolism Compared To Standard Breakfast
    • Seraphina Therapeutics Formulates Dairy Ingredient For Cellular Health
    Breaking News
    • NIH Study Compares Low-Fat, Plant-based to Low-Carb, Animal-Based Diet
    • Gadot Positions Mineral Line for Vegan Market
    • Nutritfy India to Launch Global Broadcast Channel Covering Nutrition
    • FrieslandCampina Launches Biotis Immune Health Ingredient
    • Astaxanthin Microencapsulated with Spirulina Targets ‘Mental Agility’ and Healthy Aging
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    Jan/Feb 2021

    • Modern Snacking: Where Health & Indulgence Converge
    • More Than Just A Trend: Supplements Embedded in Consumer Health Regimens
    • A Growing Need for Mineral Supplementation
    • The Value of Vitamin D Testing
    • A Glance At The Eye Health Market
    • Citrus Support for the Blood Glucose-Immune System Connection
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    NIH Study Compares Low-Fat, Plant-based to Low-Carb, Animal-Based Diet
    Gadot Positions Mineral Line for Vegan Market
    Nutritfy India to Launch Global Broadcast Channel Covering Nutrition
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    IGL Coatings Launches Graphene Reinforced Dual System Ceramic Coating
    Miller Paint Declares Simple Serenity its 2021 Color of the Year
    TAUBMANS Paint by PPG Releases ‘Chromatic Joy’ Palettes
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    TPI Partners with Zeiss
    PPE Moves into New Manufacturing Facility
    Neurent Medical Closes $25 Million Series B Financing
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    WDSrx Expands Warehouse Network
    Piramal Inks Clinical Supply Deal with Theratechnologies
    Recipharm Signs Manufacturing Deal with Enzymatica
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Lageen Tubes Launches Mono-Material PE Tube Solutions
    Jason Jones Loses Battle with Covid-19
    Weleda Celebrates 100 Years By 'Opening' Its Gardens
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    NY's 1,4-Dioxane Law May Impact Concentrated Cleaners
    Sabinsa's Top Scientist Addresses US FDA
    Ipsy Adds New Personal Care Brand
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    Morancé Soudure France Adds Comexi F2 MC 10-color Flexo Press
    THIMM Group Installs 1st Koenig & Bauer CorruFLEX
    Cowan Graphics Adds Fujifilm Inca OnsetX3 HS
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Lemu Group engineers mask-making machine
    Niagara Label upgrades with Nilpeter flexo press
    Soma partners with Moore & Moore in US
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    Lemu Group Engineers Mask-Making Machine
    Armbrust American Adds Meltblown Manufacturing
    P&G Reports 8% Sales Increase
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Siemens Healthineers’ DR Systems Cleared by FDA
    Former Medtronic Exec Appointed Zimmer Biomet's Chief Transformation Officer
    SeaSpine Launches Regatta Lateral Plates
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    UDC Subsidiary Adesis' Website Wins 2020 MarCom Platinum Award
    Roadsimple Modernizes Warehouse Ops with Zebra Technologies
    Graphene Flagship Launches Redesigned Website

    Copyright © 2021 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login