• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Exclusives
    • Nutraceuticals
    • Markets
    • Health
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Buyers' Guide
    • Showcases
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Exclusives
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Markets
  • Health
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Buyers' Guide
  • Showcases
  • Current & Past Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorials
    Digital Edition
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    eNewsletter
    Editorial Guidelines
    Top Features
    Contract Manufacturing: Trials & Tribulations of Today’s Supply Chains

    Analytical Testing in Nutraceuticals: Methods and Mindsets to Uphold Quality

    Nutrition and Flavor: Formulating for Modern Product Preferences

    What Do Consumers Know About the Gut Microbiome?

    How Will the European Green Deal Impact Dietary Supplements?
    Breaking News
    Certifications, Approvals and Patents
    Exclusives
    Industry & Market News
    People
    Products
    Regulatory
    Research
    Supplier News
    Supplier Insights
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Charlotte’s Web Sports Product Line to Undergo NSF Certification Process

    ADM and Benson Hill Partner to Scale High Protein Soy for U.S. Market

    Tazo Transitions to Regenerative Organic Agriculture

    Protein Ingredient Formulated for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

    IADSA Calls for Addressing Discrepancies in Vitamin C Recommendations
    Exclusives
    Blogs & Guest Articles
    Health E-Insights
    Area Code 420
    eBook
    Antioxidants
    Dairy-Based Ingredients
    Enzymes
    Fatty Acids
    Fiber & Carbohydrates
    Green Foods
    Herbs & Botanicals
    Marine Nutraceuticals
    Minerals
    Omega 3s
    Probiotics & Prebiotics
    Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
    Sweeteners
    Vitamins

    Charlotte’s Web Sports Product Line to Undergo NSF Certification Process

    ADM and Benson Hill Partner to Scale High Protein Soy for U.S. Market

    Tazo Transitions to Regenerative Organic Agriculture

    Protein Ingredient Formulated for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

    IADSA Calls for Addressing Discrepancies in Vitamin C Recommendations
    Consumer Trends
    Contract Manufacturing
    Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
    Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Dietary Supplements
    Flavors & Colors
    Functional Foods & Beverages
    Healthcare Trends
    Medical Nutrition
    Mergers & Acquisitions
    Natural/Organic
    Nutrition Bars
    Packaging
    Pet Nutraceuticals
    Quality & Safety
    Regulations
    Research
    Testing
    World Markets

    Charlotte’s Web Sports Product Line to Undergo NSF Certification Process

    ADM and Benson Hill Partner to Scale High Protein Soy for U.S. Market

    Tazo Transitions to Regenerative Organic Agriculture

    Protein Ingredient Formulated for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

    IADSA Calls for Addressing Discrepancies in Vitamin C Recommendations
    Bone & Joint Health
    Cancer Risk
    Cardiovascular Health
    Cognitive Function
    Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
    Digestive Health
    Energy
    Eye Health
    Healthy Aging
    Immune Function
    Infant & Children's Health
    Inflammation
    Men's Health
    Mood Health & Sleep
    Oral Health
    Sexual & Reproductive Health
    Skin Health
    Sports Nutrition
    Weight Management/Weight Loss
    Women's Health

    Charlotte’s Web Sports Product Line to Undergo NSF Certification Process

    Caffeine-Free Energy Supplement Linked to Alertness, Fatigue Benefits

    Monk Fruit Sweetener May Have Prebiotic Activity, Study Finds

    People with Low-Fiber Diets Benefit the Most from Fiber Supplements, Study Finds

    Gut Microbiome May Be Part of Link Between Red Meat and Heart Disease Risk
    Industry Events
    Live From Show Events
    Webinars
    All Companies
    Categories
    Trade Associations
    Company Capabilities
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Nutrition21, LLC

    ESHA Research

    JRS Pharma

    Aiya America, Inc. (Aiya Matcha)

    Bioenergy Life Science, Inc. (BLS)
    Companies
    Product Releases
    News Releases
    Literature / Brochures
    White Papers
    Jobs
    VIdeos
    Services
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Nutrition21, LLC

    ESHA Research

    JRS Pharma

    Aiya America, Inc. (Aiya Matcha)

    Bioenergy Life Science, Inc. (BLS)
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Buyers' Guide
      • All Companies
      • Categories
      • Trade Associations
      • Company Capabilities
    • Nutraceuticals
      • Antioxidants
      • Dairy-Based Ingredients
      • Enzymes
      • Fatty Acids
      • Fiber & Carbohydrates
      • Green Foods
      • Herbs & Botanicals
      • Marine Nutraceuticals
      • Minerals
      • Omega 3s
      • Probiotics & Prebiotics
      • Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      • Sweeteners
      • Vitamins
    • Markets
      • Consumer Trends
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
      • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
      • Dietary Supplements
      • Flavors & Colors
      • Functional Foods & Beverages
      • Healthcare Trends
      • Medical Nutrition
      • Mergers & Acquisitions
      • Natural/Organic
      • Nutrition Bars
      • Packaging
      • Pet Nutraceuticals
      • Quality & Safety
      • Regulations
      • Research
      • Testing
      • World Markets
    • Health
      • Bone & Joint Health
      • Cancer Risk
      • Cardiovascular Health
      • Cognitive Function
      • Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
      • Digestive Health
      • Energy
      • Eye Health
      • Healthy Aging
      • Immune Function
      • Infant & Children's Health
      • Inflammation
      • Men's Health
      • Mood Health & Sleep
      • Oral Health
      • Sexual & Reproductive Health
      • Skin Health
      • Sports Nutrition
      • Weight Management/Weight Loss
      • Women's Health
    • Online Exclusives
    • Webinars
    • Slideshows
    • Blogs & Guest Articles
    • Health E-Insights
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Infographics
    • eBook
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • TrendSense
      • Monograph Center
      • White Papers
      • Research News
    • Jobs
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Supplier Showcases
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • News Releases
      • Literature / Brochures
      • White Papers
      • Jobs
      • VIdeos
      • Services
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Features

    How New Testing Technologies Can Enhance Your Business

    A suite of analytical tools that are fit-for-purpose can help companies confirm product quality.

    How New Testing Technologies Can Enhance Your Business
    How New Testing Technologies Can Enhance Your Business
    How New Testing Technologies Can Enhance Your Business
    How New Testing Technologies Can Enhance Your Business
    How New Testing Technologies Can Enhance Your Business
    Related CONTENT
    • Emerging Regulatory Pathways for Nutraceuticals
    • Pet Supplements: A Regulatory Briefing
    • Full Steam Ahead
    • Mouse Study: Choline May Help Fight Alzheimer’s Across Generations
    • AHPA Adopts Guidance Policy on Hemp & Hemp-Derived CBD Products
    By Stephanie Clark, Certified Project Manager, Authenticity Testing, NSF International & Jovan Lubardic, Lab Manager, Authenticity Testing, NSF International04.01.19
    Do you know what is in your products? You more than likely have methods in place to confirm your formulations, but how can you know if your quality measures and test methods are thorough enough? While technology moves forward and brings new testing methods to the forefront, it can be daunting to figure out how to use them appropriately. However, knowing what tools are available can be useful in making the best possible decisions on identification of your materials and the quality of the products you are distributing.
     
    Tools of the Trade
    Sequencing, as a whole, has presented new opportunities to verify supply chains. Originally, Sanger sequencing brought identification of a single, dominant signal. This dominant signal can be aligned with a reference sequence and compared to determine the identity.1 Sanger sequencing is limited, however, due to its inability to identify anything beyond that single, dominant signal. This testing can act as a confirmation that your material contains the DNA of your target, but additional testing is required to find out if anything beyond the target you are looking for is present in the material. 
     
    From Sanger sequencing came next-generation sequencing (NGS). NGS technologies were developed to achieve a higher throughput than traditional Sanger sequencing, meaning that now we can produce thousands, if not millions, of sequences from multiple signals in a single experimental run. Different platforms in next-generation sequencing offer even more variability in the applications of DNA sequencing. Machine outputs can vary between 4 million to 20 billion reads. This quantity isn’t traditionally needed in standard identification but can be critical when looking to sequence a whole genome. 
     
    One commonly known method of sequencing is DNA barcoding, which can be used in Sanger and next-generation sequencing. DNA barcoding begins with extracting the DNA from a material and then amplifying target regions of the genome (genes) that will allow differentiation. Those genes are then sequenced for identification. Genes that have been traditionally sequenced for identification of plants include ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), and maturase K (matK).2 Choosing the proper gene to identify your sample is imperative to ensure that a sample can be identified. See Figure 1 for an example of when one gene can be right for one genus, but not for another.  

     

    In the internal transcribed spacer region, you can easily distinguish these Panax species from one another. The differences between species are marked with a colored box. On the other hand, you cannot tell these Echinacea species from one another.
     
    Figure 2 shows the exact opposite situation, where if you use maturase K then you are not able to tell the Panax species apart in this region, but you are able to distinguish the Echinacea species. These images were generated in Geneious version 9.1, which is created by Biomatters.

     

    The other limitation, if the correct gene has been selected, is a database that has not been verified or monitored. Sources like GenBank can contain misidentified sequences as Figure 3 shows. 
     
    In Figure 3, we have an alignment of Iris species from GenBank, paired with two sequences of specimens from the UC Berkeley Jepson Herbarium. Iris loczyi from GenBank is clearly different from all other Iris samples, and when aligned with Brassica rapa samples from both GenBank and UC Berkeley Jepson Herbarium material, we can see that the sequence aligns perfectly. This demonstrates that not all databases are created equal, just as not all reference materials are created equal. These images were also generated in Geneious version 9.1, which is created by Biomatters.

    Sanger sequencing and DNA barcoding are not, however, the only means of identifying a sample using sequencing. With the higher throughput of next-generation sequencing, we are able to sequence chloroplast genomes or even entire genomes. Chloroplast genomes have been found to be helpful for the identification of Echinacea in a study conducted by the FDA which may indicate future developments in the sequencing space.3 
     
    While the entire genome may not be necessary for identification, taking a deeper look into the genome can provide new information about the history of an organism or can even discover new similarities and differences among species. Long-read sequencing technologies are advancing rapidly, and have already shown significant improvements in costs, portability, and accuracy, which should eventually make whole genome sequencing a more financially feasible option. 
     
    Challenges & Solutions
    Sequencing, whether it is Sanger, DNA barcoding, next generation or whole genome, has a significant limiting factor—DNA degradation. DNA degradation can occur for a number of reasons, but heat, chemical, or radiation treatments can all be major culprits. 
     
    As DNA is exposed to harsh treatments, the chemical bond weakens and ultimately breaks the DNA helix into small fragments, if not completely eliminating the strands. In one study, degradation starts around 130˚ C until complete degradation at 190˚ C. This study only conducted short trials of no more than 5 minutes but still saw significant degradation at high temperatures.4 While there is promise in using smaller genetic regions to identify lightly treated materials, sometimes sequencing is not the best way to identify a material. In these cases, analytical chemistry testing methods should be applied in identifying a specimen.
     
    Chemical testing has a long-established history in authenticating botanicals and raw materials. Of the numerous methodologies available, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is the primary chemical test for identifying botanicals. This is due to lower cost and higher resolution compared with other tests (HPLC, TLC, etc.). 
     
    The HPTLC test outputs a plate with bands unique to the chemical composition of the material being tested, which is then compared to reference standards to identify the material (Figure 4). If there is adulteration, contamination, or substitution in the material, the bands will not match up to the reference plate and more testing will need to be done in order to determine the culprit.5 Similarly, blends of more than one species present a challenge to the HPTLC methodology, as the bands contain more than one species and are hard to compare to the reference standards. Overall, HPTLC is a great choice for identifying materials and detecting contamination as it is accurate, cost effective and fast. 

    Origin Testing 
    One question both DNA and conventional chemical testing methods cannot answer is, “Where was my ingredient grown?” Another testing method has the potential to answer that question: isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). 
     
    This method measures the ratios of isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen, and compares them to references from specific regions in order to locate where the ingredient was grown. The same species will not have matching isotope ratios when grown in different regions due to differences in soil composition, sunlight availability and rainfall. This method may be limited if there is a lack of reference materials for an individual location, causing the material to be unidentifiable or misidentified.6
     
    Using these same principles, IRMS can also detect adulteration that could not previously be identified. In honey, IRMS can detect if the manufacturer added sugar or high fructose corn syrup. Carbon in sugars originating from flowers is much higher in the isotope carbon-12, whereas sugars originating from sugar cane or corn are much higher in isotope carbon-13 levels.7 Therefore, if a honey sample has high carbon-13 levels, sugar or high fructose corn syrup has likely been added to it. 
     
    Conclusion
    Choosing a fit-for-purpose tool for verifying a botanical material can be a daunting task, as there are many methodologies and they all have their strengths and weaknesses. If you are unsure of the best fit for your materials, take the time to research the pros and cons of each option. If you are still unsure of the best method for your products, consult the experts at a testing laboratory that you trust so that you can make informed testing decisions for your company—and most importantly, your customers.  
     
    References
    1. Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., & Coulson, A. R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 74(12), 5463–5467. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
     
    2. CBOL Plant Working Group, Hollingsworth, P. M., Forrest, L. L., Spouge, J. L., Hajibabaei, M., Ratnasingham, S., Little, D. P. (2009). A DNA barcode for land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(31), 12794–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905845106
     
    3. Zhang, N., Erickson, D. L., Ramachandran, P., Ottesen, A. R., Timme, R. E., Funk, V. A., … Handy, S. M. (2017). An analysis of Echinacea chloroplast genomes: Implications for future botanical identification. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00321-6
     
    4. Karni, M., Zidon, D., Polak, P., Zalevsky, Z., & Shefi, O. (2013). Thermal degradation of DNA. DNA and cell biology, 32(6), 298-301.
     
    5. Reich, E. (2014) HPTLC for Identification of Herbal Raw Material and Extracts. www.scs.org.uk/document.aspx?fileid=2367
     
    6. Camin, F. , Bontempo, L. , Perini, M. and Piasentier, E. (2016), Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for Assessing the Authenticity of Food of Animal Origin. COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, 15: 868-877. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12219
     
    7. L. Elflein and K.P. Raezke. (2008). Improved detection of honey adulteration by measuring differences between 13C/12C stable carbon isotope ratios of protein and sugar compounds with a combination of elemental analyzer – isotope ratio mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography – isotope ratio mass spectrometry (δ13C-EA/LC-IRMS). Apidologie, 39(5), 574–587.
    Related Searches
    • barcoding
    • Analytical
    • Protein
    • Botanicals
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Dietary Supplements
    • Herbs & Botanicals
    • Testing
    Suggested For You
    Pet Supplements: A Regulatory Briefing Pet Supplements: A Regulatory Briefing
    Emerging Regulatory Pathways for Nutraceuticals Emerging Regulatory Pathways for Nutraceuticals
    Full Steam Ahead Full Steam Ahead
    Mouse Study: Choline May Help Fight Alzheimer’s Across Generations Mouse Study: Choline May Help Fight Alzheimer’s Across Generations
    AHPA Adopts Guidance Policy on Hemp & Hemp-Derived CBD Products AHPA Adopts Guidance Policy on Hemp & Hemp-Derived CBD Products
    GW Pharmaceuticals Receives ABC Tyler Award for Phytomedicinal Research GW Pharmaceuticals Receives ABC Tyler Award for Phytomedicinal Research
    FDA to Hold Meeting on Regulatory Status of CBD in April FDA to Hold Meeting on Regulatory Status of CBD in April
    Nutraceutical Brands Find Relief in Outsourcing Manufacturing Nutraceutical Brands Find Relief in Outsourcing Manufacturing
    Collagen Peptides Found to Aid Runners in Injury Recovery Collagen Peptides Found to Aid Runners in Injury Recovery
    The Potential of DNA-Based Field Botanical Authentication The Potential of DNA-Based Field Botanical Authentication
    AHPA Revises Hemp-CBD Status Report AHPA Revises Hemp-CBD Status Report
    Nearly Half of U.S. Adults Have Some Form of Cardiovascular Disease Nearly Half of U.S. Adults Have Some Form of Cardiovascular Disease
    Fiber Revisited: Closing the Gap Fiber Revisited: Closing the Gap
    The Magical Mystery Tour Also Known as Cannabis Sativa The Magical Mystery Tour Also Known as Cannabis Sativa
    10 Webinars You May Have Missed in 2018 10 Webinars You May Have Missed in 2018

    Related Columns

    • Dietary Supplements | Medical Nutrition | Regulations
      Emerging Regulatory Pathways for Nutraceuticals

      Emerging Regulatory Pathways for Nutraceuticals

      Each product class offers unique options for making claims and communicating benefits to consumers and healthcare professionals.
      By Gregory Stephens, Windrose Partners & Sanford Bigelow, PhD, DABT, Vanguard Global Associates LLC 04.01.19

    • Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Pet Nutraceuticals | Regulations
      Pet Supplements: A Regulatory Briefing

      Pet Supplements: A Regulatory Briefing

      The market for pet products continues expanding. Make sure you’re on solid legal footing.
      By Todd Harrison & Michelle Jackson, Venable 04.01.19

    • Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Herbs & Botanicals | Quality & Safety | Regulations
      Full Steam Ahead

      Full Steam Ahead

      Collaboration across disciplines can help build a better community and assist consumers committed to improving their health.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 04.01.19


    • Breaking News | Cognitive Function | Research | Research News | Vitamins

      Mouse Study: Choline May Help Fight Alzheimer’s Across Generations

      Benefits seen in mice receiving choline supplementation during gestation and lactation, and also their subsequent offspring.
      03.28.19

    • Breaking News | Herbs & Botanicals | Quality & Safety | Regulations | Regulatory News
      AHPA Adopts Guidance Policy on Hemp & Hemp-Derived CBD Products

      AHPA Adopts Guidance Policy on Hemp & Hemp-Derived CBD Products

      Supplements and foods that contain hemp or CBD should be manufactured in compliance with applicable federal regulations.
      03.28.19

    Loading, Please Wait..
    Trending
    • First Day Life Shuts Down Children's Behavioral, Cognitive Health Claims Following Challenge
    • Study Examines Vitamin K2 Content In Cheese
    • Chenland Nutritionals Self-Affirms GRAS For Cumin UP60 Ingredient
    • Pycnogenol Evidenced To Have Skin Benefits In Dermatology Study
    • ADM And Benson Hill Partner To Scale High Protein Soy For U.S. Market
    Breaking News
    • Charlotte’s Web Sports Product Line to Undergo NSF Certification Process
    • ADM and Benson Hill Partner to Scale High Protein Soy for U.S. Market
    • Tazo Transitions to Regenerative Organic Agriculture
    • Protein Ingredient Formulated for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
    • IADSA Calls for Addressing Discrepancies in Vitamin C Recommendations
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    July/August 2022

    • A Growing Herbal Products Market Still Faces Formidable Threats, Challenges
    • Analytical Testing in Nutraceuticals: Methods and Mindsets to Uphold Quality
    • Nutrition and Flavor: Formulating for Modern Product Preferences
    • Contract Manufacturing: Trials & Tribulations of Today’s Supply Chains
    • How Will the European Green Deal Impact Dietary Supplements?
    • What Do Consumers Know About the Gut Microbiome?
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    Charlotte’s Web Sports Product Line to Undergo NSF Certification Process
    ADM and Benson Hill Partner to Scale High Protein Soy for U.S. Market
    Tazo Transitions to Regenerative Organic Agriculture
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Valspar Reveals Fresh Lineup of New Shades in 2023 Colors of the Year
    Evonik Grows Strongly in 1H 2022
    PPG Chairman and CEO Joins Disability:IN Effort to Advance Disability Inclusion
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    BD Recalls Intraosseous Products Over Multiple Issues
    Rapid Medical Expands U.S. Portfolio
    MMS Holdings Partners With Lindsay Goldberg
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    Almac Invests $65M to Expand North American HQ
    Pace Appoints Nisheet Gupta as EVP and Chief Financial Officer
    West Pharmaceutical Makes Strategic Investment in Latch Medical
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Arkay Chairman Emeritus Howard Kaneff Has Died
    Nutricosmetics Market to Hit $13.7 Billion by 2030
    Estée Lauder Pledges 100% Electric Fleet of Vehicles by 2030
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    R+Co Launches New Hairstyling Products
    Clinique Launches Pop Plush Creamy Gloss in its Iconic Black Honey Hue
    TBH Kids Enters Retail Market with Exclusive Partnership with HEB Stores
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    Evonik Enjoys 31% Growth in 1H 2022
    Sun Chemical Returns to Labelexpo Americas 2022
    DIC Reports Consolidated Financial Results 1H 2022
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Hybrid Software joins The Flexo Xperience Center
    Flexo Wash LLC and Mike Potter celebrate 20 years
    Colordyne hosts open house featuring hybrid print technology
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    Focke & Co. to Host Destination: Your Hygiene Hub on August 31
    Exports Dominate Chinese Trade of Tissues, Hygiene Products and Wipes
    Freudenberg to Present Friction Inserts for Wind Energy
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Study Results Released for Abbott's Concussion Blood Test
    Bone Growth Stimulators Market to Top $3B by 2030
    Surgalign, RTI Settle Lawsuit Over OEM Biz Sale
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    Zebra Technologies’ Emission Reduction Targets Validated by SBTi
    Identiv Delivers Impressive 41% Year-over-Year Growth in RFID Business
    Stratasys Signs Agreement to Acquire Covestro’s Additive Manufacturing Materials Business

    Copyright © 2022 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login