• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Exclusives
    • Nutraceuticals
    • Markets
    • Health
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Buyers' Guide
    • Showcases
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Exclusives
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Markets
  • Health
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Buyers' Guide
  • Showcases
  • Current & Past Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorials
    Digital Edition
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    eNewsletter
    Editorial Guidelines
    Top Features
    The Pet Health Boom: Supplement Growth Set to Build on Rapid Expansion

    (Re)Open for Business: China’s Strong Demand for Natural Products Spells Opportunity for U.S. Brands

    Review Finds No Causative Connection Between Dietary Supplements and Eating Disorders

    KA! Empathogenics: Creating Calm and Connectedness with Inspiration from Nature

    Moms Raise the Bar for Kids Supplements
    Breaking News
    Certifications, Approvals and Patents
    Exclusives
    Industry & Market News
    People
    Products
    Regulatory
    Glossary
    Research
    Supplier News
    Supplier Insights
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Verdure Sciences Receives Award for Sustainable, Ethical Turmeric Sourcing

    BGG Receives Patent for Saw Palmetto ID Method

    Premium Label & Packaging Solutions Receives Safe Quality Food (SQF) Certification

    Inulinase Enzymes May Benefit Gut Symptoms of FODMAP Digestion

    Verdure Sciences’ Boswellia Ingredient Receives USP Verification
    Exclusives
    Blogs & Guest Articles
    Health E-Insights
    Area Code 420
    eBook
    Antioxidants
    Dairy-Based Ingredients
    Enzymes
    Fatty Acids
    Fiber & Carbohydrates
    Green Foods
    Herbs & Botanicals
    Marine Nutraceuticals
    Minerals
    Omega 3s
    Probiotics & Prebiotics
    Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
    Sweeteners
    Vitamins

    Verdure Sciences Receives Award for Sustainable, Ethical Turmeric Sourcing

    BGG Receives Patent for Saw Palmetto ID Method

    ‘Uniquely Unbound’: Releasing the Potential, and Genius, of Walnuts

    Inulinase Enzymes May Benefit Gut Symptoms of FODMAP Digestion

    Verdure Sciences’ Boswellia Ingredient Receives USP Verification
    Consumer Trends
    Contract Manufacturing
    Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
    Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Dietary Supplements
    Flavors & Colors
    Functional Foods & Beverages
    Healthcare Trends
    Medical Nutrition
    Mergers & Acquisitions
    Natural/Organic
    Nutrition Bars
    Packaging
    Pet Nutraceuticals
    Quality & Safety
    Regulations
    Research
    Testing
    World Markets

    Verdure Sciences Receives Award for Sustainable, Ethical Turmeric Sourcing

    BGG Receives Patent for Saw Palmetto ID Method

    The Pet Health Boom: Supplement Growth Set to Build on Rapid Expansion

    ‘Uniquely Unbound’: Releasing the Potential, and Genius, of Walnuts

    Premium Label & Packaging Solutions Receives Safe Quality Food (SQF) Certification
    Bone & Joint Health
    Cancer Risk
    Cardiovascular Health
    Cognitive Function
    Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
    Digestive Health
    Energy
    Eye Health
    Healthy Aging
    Immune Function
    Infant & Children's Health
    Inflammation
    Men's Health
    Mood Health & Sleep
    Oral Health
    Sexual & Reproductive Health
    Skin Health
    Sports Nutrition
    Weight Management/Weight Loss
    Women's Health

    ‘Uniquely Unbound’: Releasing the Potential, and Genius, of Walnuts

    Inulinase Enzymes May Benefit Gut Symptoms of FODMAP Digestion

    Gaming and Esports Health Concerns

    Bioiberica’s DAOgest Authorized as Novel Food ingredient in EU

    Review Finds No Causative Connection Between Dietary Supplements and Eating Disorders
    Industry Events
    Live From Show Events
    Webinars
    All Companies
    Categories
    Trade Associations
    Company Capabilities
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Xsto Solutions

    American FlexPack

    Nutrition21, LLC

    Gencor

    Bioenergy Life Science, Inc. (BLS)
    Companies
    Product Releases
    News Releases
    Literature / Brochures
    White Papers
    Jobs
    VIdeos
    Services
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Xsto Solutions

    American FlexPack

    Nutrition21, LLC

    Gencor

    Bioenergy Life Science, Inc. (BLS)
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Buyers' Guide
      • All Companies
      • Categories
      • Trade Associations
      • Company Capabilities
    • Nutraceuticals
      • Antioxidants
      • Dairy-Based Ingredients
      • Enzymes
      • Fatty Acids
      • Fiber & Carbohydrates
      • Green Foods
      • Herbs & Botanicals
      • Marine Nutraceuticals
      • Minerals
      • Omega 3s
      • Probiotics & Prebiotics
      • Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      • Sweeteners
      • Vitamins
    • Markets
      • Consumer Trends
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
      • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
      • Dietary Supplements
      • Flavors & Colors
      • Functional Foods & Beverages
      • Healthcare Trends
      • Medical Nutrition
      • Mergers & Acquisitions
      • Natural/Organic
      • Nutrition Bars
      • Packaging
      • Pet Nutraceuticals
      • Quality & Safety
      • Regulations
      • Research
      • Testing
      • World Markets
    • Health
      • Bone & Joint Health
      • Cancer Risk
      • Cardiovascular Health
      • Cognitive Function
      • Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
      • Digestive Health
      • Energy
      • Eye Health
      • Healthy Aging
      • Immune Function
      • Infant & Children's Health
      • Inflammation
      • Men's Health
      • Mood Health & Sleep
      • Oral Health
      • Sexual & Reproductive Health
      • Skin Health
      • Sports Nutrition
      • Weight Management/Weight Loss
      • Women's Health
    • Online Exclusives
    • Webinars
    • Slideshows
    • Blogs & Guest Articles
    • Health E-Insights
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Infographics
    • eBook
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • TrendSense
      • Monograph Center
      • White Papers
      • Research News
    • Jobs
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Supplier Showcases
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • News Releases
      • Literature / Brochures
      • White Papers
      • Jobs
      • VIdeos
      • Services
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Online Exclusives

    NY AG Issues Cease-And-Desist Letters to Makers of Devil’s Claw Supplements

    Eric Schneiderman claims ‘misbranded’ products symptomatic of weaknesses in supplement industry’s quality control.

    NY AG Issues Cease-And-Desist Letters to Makers of Devil’s Claw Supplements
    Devil’s claw occurs in the desert regions of southern Africa and has been used as an anti-inflammatory.
    Sean Moloughney, Editor09.11.15
    New York Attorney General (NY AG) Eric Schneiderman has issued letters demanding that 13 dietary supplement manufacturers cease and desist from the sale, distribution or marketing of devil's claw supplements, which his office claimed are adulterated or misbranded based on DNA barcode analysis conducted by the New York Botanical Garden.

    That analysis concluded the devil’s claw supplements from these manufacturers contained a cheaper related species that is considered “less desirable” than what was listed on labels.

    Mr. Schneiderman requested that the companies furnish proposals, where appropriate, for recalling any adulterated devil’s claw supplements, compensating consumers who purchased the mislabeled products, and reforming their approach to quality control. 

    However, the non-profit American Botanical Council (ABC), Austin, TX, said the NY AG’s investigation has reached an incorrect conclusion based on its “too-narrow interpretation of botanical classifications.”



    Devil’s Claw 101
    In botanical classification and nomenclature, devil’s claw is usually known scientifically by its Latin name, Harpagophytum procumbens, where Harpagophytum is the genus of the plant and procumbens refers to the species of the plant, ABC explained. The DNA-barcoding tests commissioned by the NY AG showed that some herbal supplements actually contain Harpagophytum zeyheri, a slightly different form of devil’s claw (i.e., a different, but very closely related species). In effect, they are like two siblings, ABC noted.

    “Both species of devil’s claw have a similar chemical profile,” said Thomas Brendler, a medicinal plant expert and editor of the African Herbal Pharmacopeia, a compilation of technical information of various African medicinal plants, including their botany, growing conditions, range of habitat, chemistry, and traditional and modern medicinal activities and uses.
 


    “While both species differ marginally in shape and chemical composition, both are considered equally effective,” he added. 



    According to various government-recognized medicine evaluation bodies and pharmacopeias, the two species of devil’s claw are considered interchangeable for the purpose of their use for their medicinal actions. These organizations include the European Medicines Agency, the European Pharmacopoeia, and the unofficial ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative for Phytotherapy), a pan-European consortium of medicinal plant experts. Also listing both species as interchangeable is the proposed monograph “Harpagophytum species root” in the United States Pharmacopeia’s Herbal Medicines Compendium.



    Mr. Brendler added that many, possibly most, devil’s claw extracts in the world market are based on mixtures of the two species, as are devil’s claw herbal teas and dried powdered root materials used in supplements and other products. Both species of devil’s claw have been on the market in the U.S. since the 1980s, he noted.


    Devil’s claw, the vernacular name for the two species Harpagophytum procumbens and H. zeyheri, occurs in the desert regions of southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa). Its bitter root has historically been used to treat a wide range of ailments and, prominently, as an anti-inflammatory and digestive. Major clinical uses in modern phytotherapy (herbal medicine) focus on its anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of joint diseases and back pain. The suggested mechanism of action is through COX-2 inhibition. Some 20 human clinical trials conducted over the last 30 years have confirmed its safety and efficacy in the treatment and alleviation of degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis, and lower back pain.

    According to data ABC used for its annual herb market report, devil’s claw is a relatively low-selling herb in the U.S. In 2014, devil’s claw ranked 162nd in sales in the U.S. mainstream retail market and 150th in the natural and health foods channel. Total estimated sales of devil’s claw dietary supplements in the U.S. range from approximately $250,000 to up to $500,000.
 


    Mr. Schneiderman contended that federal regulation requires manufacturers to identify plant species using the common name standardized in the trade publication, Herbs of Commerce. That publication defines the common name “devil’s claw” as procumbens, he said. While use of the common name is all that is required by law, most product labels for the supplements tested by the New York Botanical Garden also explicitly referred to the ingredient by its scientific name, procumbens.

    Testing Controversy Continues ...
    The New York Botanical Garden tested 18 devil’s claw supplements labeled for U.S. sale. The study found that for the 16 supplements for which DNA could be identified, all contained zeyheri, either by itself (81%) or mixed with procumbens (19%).

    “When a scientific study tests numerous herbal supplements manufactured by more than a dozen companies and finds the wrong plant in just about every one, it raises more troubling questions about whether people who buy dietary supplements are getting what they pay for,” said Mr. Schneiderman. “This is yet another sign that weaknesses in the supplements industry’s approach to quality control are having real-world consequences for consumers.

    Loren Israelsen, president, United Natural Products Alliance, Salt Lake City, UT, noted that DNA barcoding (DNAB) is a new science. “And like all new technologies, its role and utility in the dietary supplement industry is only now evolving. Scientific organizations that set quality standards and establish analytical methods are investigating the potential of DNAB as an additional tool to improve quality and plant identification. And, while the New York attorney general thinks DNAB is a useful enforcement tool, we hope the proper role of DNAB doesn’t become a weapon before it becomes a generally accepted analytical tool for botanical products.”

    “Supply chain integrity is of the utmost importance to the dietary supplement industry,” said Steve Mister, president and CEO, Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, D.C. “There are multiple ways to qualify the supply chain, to identify ingredients, and to detect adulterants in products. The companies involved should be permitted to defend their methods of ingredient testing and to justify their use of particular species of botanicals before being declared to be misbranded or adulterated by the New York Attorney General.”

    Federal law for dietary supplements requires that what’s in the bottle is on the label, Mr. Mister added. “Proper identification of ingredients is a requirement of federal law and we expect all companies to stand behind the quality of their products. As we have seen before, investigations by the New York Attorney General’s office are rarely as clear-cut as they might seem.”

    Mr. Schneiderman’s investigation into the supplement industry began in February, when he directed four major retailers—GNC, Walmart, Target, and Walgreens—to halt the sale of certain herbal supplements following controversial DNA barcode tests that Mr. Schneiderman claimed failed to detect plant materials listed on the labels.

    In March, GNC reached an agreement with the NY AG, agreeing to use DNA barcoding to authenticate plants used in supplements and adopt new testing standards to prevent contamination. The agreement also imposed reforms to improve transparency for consumers and to promote consumer safety.

    Daniel Fabricant, PhD, executive director and CEO of the Natural Products Association, Washington, D.C. noted that more than six months have passed since the NY AG first began this inquiry and two critical issues remain. “First, he has yet to make public or subject to peer review the questionable ‘science’ or ‘research’ on which this action is based, and second, he has not pursued prosecutorial actions in either case. We encourage the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other public health interests to ask the Attorney General to release his findings immediately so they can do the most good for consumer protection in the quickest fashion possible."

    “We sincerely appreciate Attorney General Schneiderman’s interest in the quality of herbal materials sold in dietary supplements and his apparent desire to help consumers maintain access to high-quality, safe, and effective herbal products,” said Mark Blumenthal, founder and executive director of ABC.

    “We here at ABC have a similar mission, as evidenced by our long-time efforts in the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Program in which we have been working on educating industry and all relevant stakeholders about quality issues in the global herbal market,” he continued. “However, splitting the devil’s claw genus in the very narrow way that they have done in this investigation is akin to splitting hairs — it has no real meaning or value to anyone, particularly the herb consumer.”



    This distinction is not a legal or regulatory matter, he added, since authoritative sources recognize both species as being “devil’s claw.”

    Nature’s Way's Commitment 
    In connction with its devil’s claw testing, Mr. Schneiderman’s office reached an accord with a 14th manufacturer, Nature’s Way, “to improve the manufacturing and marketing of its devil’s claw supplements.”

    According to the AG’s office, Nature’s Way committed to ensuring that its devil claw’s supplements solely contain the proper plant species and are labeled accordingly. Nature’s Way also said it would refund New York consumers who purchased devil’s claw supplements and continue to extend DNA barcode testing across its herbal product lines with one or two ingredients.

    “The manufacturers receiving letters from my office should follow the lead of Nature’s Way and address these gaps immediately.”

    Mr. Schneiderman’s cease-and-desist letters were sent to the following manufacturers:

    Nutraceutical International Corporation (Soloray);
    Alternative Remedies Health & Herbs;
    The Kroger Co., as parent of Vitacost.com;
    FoodScience Corporation (Food Science of Vermont & DaVinci Labs);
    Biopower Nutrition;
    Thorne Research Inc.;
    NBTY, Inc. (Puritan’s Pride);
    Olympian Labs, Inc. (Prescribed Choice);
    Now Foods;
    Nature's Sunshine Products, Inc.;
    RHG & Company Inc. (Vital Nutrients);
    The Natural Healing Room & End Time Essentials; and
    Shine Supplements

    The Office of the Attorney General has not sent a letter to Shine Supplements because the company could not be located through conventional means and is not registered with the Secretary of State to do business in New York.

    An additional supplement identified genetically in the New York Botanical Garden’s study was produced by Nature’s Way, which (unlike the other manufacturers) marketed its devil’s claw products as a combination of procumbens and zeyheri.
    Related Searches
    • Health
    • Adulterated
    • Botanical
    • Dietary Supplements
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Inflammation
    • Dietary Supplements
    • Quality & Safety
    • Testing
    • Regulations
    Suggested For You
    Gaming and Esports Health Concerns Gaming and Esports Health Concerns
    Review Finds No Causative Connection Between Dietary Supplements and Eating Disorders Review Finds No Causative Connection Between Dietary Supplements and Eating Disorders
    11th Legal, Regulatory & Compliance Forum on Dietary Supplements 11th Legal, Regulatory & Compliance Forum on Dietary Supplements
    CBD MarketWatch 2023: FDA Claims New Regulatory Pathway Needed for CBD CBD MarketWatch 2023: FDA Claims New Regulatory Pathway Needed for CBD
    Core Work: Gut Health as the Center of Wellness Core Work: Gut Health as the Center of Wellness
    NPA: ‘Major Victory’ in Colorado After Amendment to Eating Disorder Bill NPA: ‘Major Victory’ in Colorado After Amendment to Eating Disorder Bill
    Cleveland Clinic Researchers Associate Common Sweetener with Heart Attack and Stroke Cleveland Clinic Researchers Associate Common Sweetener with Heart Attack and Stroke
    Naomi Whittel Named O&N Health Board of Directors President Naomi Whittel Named O&N Health Board of Directors President
    Idaho Bill Advances to Preserve Legal Status of Dietary Supplements Idaho Bill Advances to Preserve Legal Status of Dietary Supplements
    Everwell Health Appoints Two to Executive Leadership Positions Everwell Health Appoints Two to Executive Leadership Positions
    Josef Brinckmann Named President of ABC Board of Trustees Josef Brinckmann Named President of ABC Board of Trustees
    What to Expect from Investment and M&A Activity in the Vitamin, Mineral, Supplement Industry What to Expect from Investment and M&A Activity in the Vitamin, Mineral, Supplement Industry
    Bill to Restrict Access to Supplements Vetoed in New York Bill to Restrict Access to Supplements Vetoed in New York
    Top Trends in the Global Functional Food and Drink Market for 2023 Top Trends in the Global Functional Food and Drink Market for 2023
    ‘Myth of an Unregulated Industry’ Presents Perils: CRN’s Steve Mister ‘Myth of an Unregulated Industry’ Presents Perils: CRN’s Steve Mister

    Related Online Exclusives

    • Consumer Trends | Eye Health | Research | Sports Nutrition
      Gaming and Esports Health Concerns

      Gaming and Esports Health Concerns

      Common issues include sleep disturbance, vision issues, carpal tunnel, and even metabolic concerns.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 05.25.23

    • Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Research | Sports Nutrition | Weight Management/Weight Loss
      Review Finds No Causative Connection Between Dietary Supplements and Eating Disorders

      Review Finds No Causative Connection Between Dietary Supplements and Eating Disorders

      Studies attempting to link supplements to ED are inadequately designed, and often conflate drugs and dietary supplements.
      By Mike Montemarano, Associate Editor 05.23.23

    • Industry & Market News

      11th Legal, Regulatory & Compliance Forum on Dietary Supplements

      ...
      05.02.23


    • Dietary Supplements | Herbs & Botanicals | Medical Nutrition | Regulations | World Markets
      CBD MarketWatch 2023: FDA Claims New Regulatory Pathway Needed for CBD

      CBD MarketWatch 2023: FDA Claims New Regulatory Pathway Needed for CBD

      Agency claimed NDI process is not robust enough to ensure applicable safety standards are met.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 04.13.23

    • Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Digestive Health | Fiber & Carbohydrates | Healthcare Trends | Probiotics & Prebiotics | Research
      Core Work: Gut Health as the Center of Wellness

      Core Work: Gut Health as the Center of Wellness

      Under standing about the relationship between digestion and a wide array of health conditions is deepening.
      By Mike Montemarano, Associate Editor 04.06.23

    Loading, Please Wait..
    Trending
    • Soviets Took Probiotics To The Next Level
    Breaking News
    • Verdure Sciences Receives Award for Sustainable, Ethical Turmeric Sourcing
    • BGG Receives Patent for Saw Palmetto ID Method
    • Premium Label & Packaging Solutions Receives Safe Quality Food (SQF) Certification
    • Inulinase Enzymes May Benefit Gut Symptoms of FODMAP Digestion
    • Verdure Sciences’ Boswellia Ingredient Receives USP Verification
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    May 2023

    • Cellular Aging and Longevity: Ingredients for a New Age of Health
    • Addressing the Plastic-Packaging Problem: Getting to Zero-Waste with Zero Compromise
    • Moms Raise the Bar for Kids Supplements
    • Building on Steps to Improve Children’s Health Around the World
    • FDA Remains Focused on Modernizing DSHEA
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    Verdure Sciences Receives Award for Sustainable, Ethical Turmeric Sourcing
    BGG Receives Patent for Saw Palmetto ID Method
    Premium Label & Packaging Solutions Receives Safe Quality Food (SQF) Certification
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Strong Start to the Year for Jotun
    Boeing Starts Construction on New St. Louis Facility
    Brand Finance: Post-COVID Recovery Slows for Chemicals Industry Battling Energy Crisis
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    CareDx, Miromatrix Collaborate on Bioengineered Organs Research
    Capitainer Releases to Market its Fully Automated Sample Handler
    Titan Medical Licenses Most IP to Intuitive; CEO Steps Down
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    AVROBIO Sells Cystinosis Gene Therapy for $87.5 Million
    Meiji Seika Pharma, Adcock Ingram Pharma Complete Construction of New Manufacturing Facility
    JSR Life Sciences Consolidates KBI Biopharma and Selexis SA
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Unilever Uses AI for Product Development
    Beautycounter Names New Interim CEO
    Shaz & Kiks Available at Sephora
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    Covergirl Introduces Clean Fresh Yummy Gloss Collection
    Shaz and Kiks Launches at Sephora
    Beautycounter Appoints Board Director Mindy Mackenzie Interim CEO
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    ACTEGA, Makro Labelling to Advance Signite Technology
    BCF Requests Greater Urgency on REACH Impasse
    Updated Method Published for Entire BASF Product Portfolio
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    ACTEGA teams with Makro Labelling to advance Signite technology
    Constantia Flexibles and SB Packagings commence joint venture
    Inland donates new VersaStudio printer to local high school
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    Mann+Hummel Names President Air Filtration Americas
    KNH Launches Eco-Friendly Menstrual Pads
    Niine Introduces India's First PLA-Based Sanitary Pads
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Enrollment Completed in Anika Therapeutics' Hyalofast Study
    Exactech Releases Next-Gen GPS Shoulder
    Data Shows Favorable Survivorship of MISHA Knee System & Reduction of Arthroplasty Risk in Patients
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    Ambiq Receives 2023 Bronze Stevie Award
    onsemi Presents Path to Accelerate Revenue Growth
    STMicroelectronics Introduces Waterproof MEMS Pressure Sensor

    Copyright © 2023 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login