• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Exclusives
    • Nutraceuticals
    • Markets
    • Health
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Buyers' Guide
    • Showcases
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Exclusives
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Markets
  • Health
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Buyers' Guide
  • Showcases
  • Current & Past Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorials
    Digital Edition
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    eNewsletter
    Editorial Guidelines
    Top Features
    Health Products Association - China Executive Director Reflects on Market Dynamics, Challenges

    Blood Sugar Management: Personalized Testing Drives Home The Need for Early Intervention

    New and Evolving Formulation Options Must Be Mindful of Blood Sugar Maintenance

    Tapping Functional Beverages to Meet Modern Wellness Needs

    Adaptogens: Where Ancient Remedies Meet Modern Wellness Products
    Breaking News
    Certifications, Approvals and Patents
    Exclusives
    Industry & Market News
    People
    Products
    Regulatory
    Research
    Supplier News
    Supplier Insights
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    CRN Announces New Staff Appointments

    Food Supplements Europe: Most Consumers Use Dietary Supplements Safely

    True Westfjords Launches Dropi Cod Liver Oil Tonic

    Alkemist Labs Warns About Missing Components to Pesticide Testing

    Boswellia and Bengal Quince Fruit Extract Blend Linked to Respiratory Benefits
    Exclusives
    Blogs & Guest Articles
    Health E-Insights
    Area Code 420
    eBook
    Antioxidants
    Dairy-Based Ingredients
    Enzymes
    Fatty Acids
    Fiber & Carbohydrates
    Green Foods
    Herbs & Botanicals
    Marine Nutraceuticals
    Minerals
    Omega 3s
    Probiotics & Prebiotics
    Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
    Sweeteners
    Vitamins

    True Westfjords Launches Dropi Cod Liver Oil Tonic

    Alkemist Labs Warns About Missing Components to Pesticide Testing

    Boswellia and Bengal Quince Fruit Extract Blend Linked to Respiratory Benefits

    Largest Cannabinoids Trial to Date Yields Positive Findings on Pain Management

    Kensing Acquires Vitae Naturals
    Consumer Trends
    Contract Manufacturing
    Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
    Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Dietary Supplements
    Flavors & Colors
    Functional Foods & Beverages
    Healthcare Trends
    Medical Nutrition
    Mergers & Acquisitions
    Natural/Organic
    Nutrition Bars
    Packaging
    Pet Nutraceuticals
    Quality & Safety
    Regulations
    Research
    Testing
    World Markets

    CRN Announces New Staff Appointments

    Food Supplements Europe: Most Consumers Use Dietary Supplements Safely

    True Westfjords Launches Dropi Cod Liver Oil Tonic

    ODSP Director Cara Welch Discusses Agency Priorities

    Alkemist Labs Warns About Missing Components to Pesticide Testing
    Bone & Joint Health
    Cancer Risk
    Cardiovascular Health
    Cognitive Function
    Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
    Digestive Health
    Energy
    Eye Health
    Healthy Aging
    Immune Function
    Infant & Children's Health
    Inflammation
    Men's Health
    Mood Health & Sleep
    Oral Health
    Sexual & Reproductive Health
    Skin Health
    Sports Nutrition
    Weight Management/Weight Loss
    Women's Health

    Boswellia and Bengal Quince Fruit Extract Blend Linked to Respiratory Benefits

    Younger Consumers Drive Growing Demand for Ingestible Beauty and Skin Care Products

    Lynside® Forte B offers full range of B-vitamin benefits with nutritional yeast

    CoQ10 and Royal Jelly Supplementation May Improve High Intensity Exercise

    Shiitake Mushroom Extract Appears Helpful in HPV Infections
    Industry Events
    Live From Show Events
    Webinars
    All Companies
    Categories
    Trade Associations
    Company Capabilities
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Bioenergy Life Science, Inc. (BLS)

    Ecuadorian Rainforest

    JRS Pharma

    Verdure Sciences

    ESHA Research
    Companies
    Product Releases
    News Releases
    Literature / Brochures
    White Papers
    Jobs
    VIdeos
    Services
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Bioenergy Life Science, Inc. (BLS)

    Ecuadorian Rainforest

    JRS Pharma

    Verdure Sciences

    ESHA Research
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Buyers' Guide
      • All Companies
      • Categories
      • Trade Associations
      • Company Capabilities
    • Nutraceuticals
      • Antioxidants
      • Dairy-Based Ingredients
      • Enzymes
      • Fatty Acids
      • Fiber & Carbohydrates
      • Green Foods
      • Herbs & Botanicals
      • Marine Nutraceuticals
      • Minerals
      • Omega 3s
      • Probiotics & Prebiotics
      • Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      • Sweeteners
      • Vitamins
    • Markets
      • Consumer Trends
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
      • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
      • Dietary Supplements
      • Flavors & Colors
      • Functional Foods & Beverages
      • Healthcare Trends
      • Medical Nutrition
      • Mergers & Acquisitions
      • Natural/Organic
      • Nutrition Bars
      • Packaging
      • Pet Nutraceuticals
      • Quality & Safety
      • Regulations
      • Research
      • Testing
      • World Markets
    • Health
      • Bone & Joint Health
      • Cancer Risk
      • Cardiovascular Health
      • Cognitive Function
      • Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
      • Digestive Health
      • Energy
      • Eye Health
      • Healthy Aging
      • Immune Function
      • Infant & Children's Health
      • Inflammation
      • Men's Health
      • Mood Health & Sleep
      • Oral Health
      • Sexual & Reproductive Health
      • Skin Health
      • Sports Nutrition
      • Weight Management/Weight Loss
      • Women's Health
    • Online Exclusives
    • Webinars
    • Slideshows
    • Blogs & Guest Articles
    • Health E-Insights
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Infographics
    • eBook
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • TrendSense
      • Monograph Center
      • White Papers
      • Research News
    • Jobs
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Supplier Showcases
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • News Releases
      • Literature / Brochures
      • White Papers
      • Jobs
      • VIdeos
      • Services
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Features

    Pharmaceutical Oral Solids Market Update

    Pharmaceutical CDMOs continue to invest in oral solid dose development and manufacturing capabilities.

    Pharmaceutical Oral Solids Market Update
    Related CONTENT
    • Alkemist Labs Now Conducts Heavy Metal, Pesticides Testing
    • Kappa BioScience Forms Scientific and Medical Advisory Board
    • NPA Appoints Douglas Kalman, PhD, as Director of Scientific Affairs
    • EccaTru™ - A New, Novel Source of Echinacea for Immune Support
    • ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021
    By Tim Wright, Editor, Contract Pharma03.02.22
    Oral solids are cost-effective, easy to manufacture and patient-friendly, making them the most common dosage form in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, advances in drug delivery technology, such as targeted drug delivery and sustained release dosage forms, are enabling oral solids to achieve even greater levels of bioavailability while reducing the frequency of drug administration. Other benefits exist in terms of relatively uncomplicated packaging needs and storage and distribution requirements due to chemical and physical stability.

    As the most preferred drug delivery form, oral solids are used across a wide spectrum of the pharmaceutical landscape. In fact, the small molecule outsourcing market is expected to reach $69.4 billion by 2024, with the demand being driven by complex molecules, according to Visiongain’s report, “Pharmaceutical Contract Manufacturing Market 2019-2029.”

    Over the past several months, contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) have continued to invest in and expand their oral solid dosage (OSD) development and manufacturing capabilities to meet the growing demands of the market. Some recent and notable examples follow.

    CordenPharma Acquires Three GMP Manufacturing Facilities
    CordenPharma, a full-service CDMO supplying APIs, excipients, drug products and associated packaging services, has completed the acquisition of three manufacturing facilities from Vifor Pharma, to be ultimately renamed Corden Pharma Fribourg S.A. (including its Ettingen branch) in Switzerland, and Corden Pharma Lisbon S.A. in Portugal.

    The acquisition of the Vifor Pharma manufacturing sites expands CordenPharma’s capabilities and capacities in the manufacturing of non-sterile drug product dosage forms, including but not limited to, OSD forms such as tablets and capsules. With the addition of these three new facilities, CordenPharma’s global network now consists of 12 locations (11 GMP sites and one R&D laboratory), supported by more than 2,600 employees generating expected sales of over €800 million in 2022.

    Catalent Launches Xpress Pharmaceutics Service
    Catalent recently launched its new Xpress Pharmaceutics service, designed to accelerate the development of oral drugs through Phase 1 clinical studies. By integrating formulation development, on-demand clinical manufacturing, regulatory support and clinical testing, the approach can reduce both the cost and time taken to complete first-in-human trials, according to the CDMO.

    Xpress Pharmaceutics allows Catalent to work alongside innovator and clinical research organizations (CROs), and provide formulated clinical trial material with the necessary stability data that can be prepared for dosing patients at the clinical site, in line with adaptive study protocols. This approach provides a faster alternative to the traditional clinical development model, and offers the advantage of flexible dose and/or formulation composition adjustment during a clinical trial, guided by real-time clinical data.

    The service will be delivered by formulation development experts at Catalent’s facilities in Nottingham, UK and Beinheim, France and supported by the company’s global regulatory affairs team. To further support accelerated timelines, Catalent has a pre-qualified CRO partner, allowing seamless transition from manufacturing into clinical testing.

    Procaps Acquires First U.S. Softgel Production Facility
    Barranquilla, Colombia-based Procaps Group, an integrated international healthcare and pharmaceutical company, closed an asset purchase agreement to acquire an 86,000 square foot pharmaceutical production facility located in West Palm Beach, FL with production capacity of approximately 1.8 billion capsules per year for its iCDMO (integrated contract development and manufacturing organization) business unit, and is expected to increase the company’s product development capabilities by more than 70%.

    The soft gelatin capsule is a solid dosage form composed of two gelatin films that contain semisolid or liquid APIs protected by an external, hermetically sealed cover. Softgels are designed to deliver high precision dosage by achieving homogeneity of ingredients. The softgel capsules are well recognized in the supplement, over-the-counter (OTC) and the prescription market for improving patient adherence to the drug and therapy by facilitating swallowing due to the texture of its shell.

    The pharmaceutical production facility was purchased from Strides Pharma, a U.S. subsidiary of the Indian-based pharmaceutical corporation, the Strides Group. The facility is U.S. FDA approved and, in addition to the manufacturing capabilities, it offers development and analytical testing capacities, which the company says will become an important alternative for new pharmaceutical and OTC developments in highly regulated markets worldwide. Core assets included in the acquisition were several softgel encapsulation lines, new critical support systems, automated packaging line capabilities, as well as development facilities including pilot and scale up capabilities. Procaps Group expects the facility to begin operations in May of 2022.

    Eurofins CDMO Expands Spray Drying Capabilities
    Eurofins CDMO is expanding its spray dry development and production services in North America. The Canadian facility, located in Mississauga, Ontario, has expanded its cGMP spray drying capabilities with the addition of a GEA Mobile Minor spray drying system and dedicated 500 square foot clean room.

    With this expansion, Eurofins CDMO can further complement a broad range of services specializing in solubility enhancement for clinical development and small-scale commercial programs. Its process capabilities include solvent or aqueous systems, highly potent compounds, API and drug product development and manufacturing, solid state characterization, oral solid and inhalation dosage forms.

    The expansion of spray drying at Eurofins CDMO provides continued support of clinical development programs where formulation enabling is required for poorly soluble compounds. The new spray dry system enables manufacturing of solid dispersions at multi-kilo scale in support of a wide range of finished dosage forms for early clinical through to niche commercial programs.

    Piramal Strengthens North American Capabilities
    The CDMO Piramal Pharma Solutions has recently added development- and commercial-scale roller compaction technology to its Sellersville, PA drug product facility. The addition of the Gerteis Macro-pactor equipment, which is designed to handle both development and commercial scale roller compaction, enhances the site’s dry granulation and scale-up capabilities.


    Market data indicates that more than 20% of the new chemical entities being developed use roller compaction technology in their development and/or commercialization. In addition, roller compaction is an excellent technology for processing certain APIs, according to the company. The densification of dry blended powders is a critical capability that is required to handle products with poor API flow properties and instances where the API is moisture sensitive. Wet granulation is sometimes used to overcome these challenges, but many APIs are not amenable to wet granulation. In such cases, roller compaction provides a viable option to densify material and generate granules which can be further processed into capsules or tablets.

    The Gerteis Macro-pactor is a versatile piece of equipment, with the ability to handle 100-300 gram batches for small-scale development as well as larger volumes when used in continuous mode. It is recognized as an effective solution for both small-scale development requiring roller compaction technology and larger scale clinical and commercial batches as the compounds move forward in the development cycle.

    New CDMO Astrea Pharma Buys Recipharm Site
    A newly established CDMO, Astrea Pharma, focused on small molecule oral solid dosage forms, recently purchased Recipharm’s solid dose manufacturing site at Fontaine-lès-Dijon, France. Under Recipharm’s ownership, Fontaine has developed extensive experience manufacturing and packaging tablets and capsules. The capabilities fit well with Astrea’s ambitions to grow a broad range of different processing, filling and packaging technologies, as well as a wide geographical reach.

    Astrea’s owners are veterans in the CDMO industry and have the financial backing of the French long-term investment company Groupe Chevrillon, a family-owned business with a strong track record of investment in industrial and service companies.

    Metrics Contract Services Adds New Equipment
    Metrics Contract Services, the contract pharmaceutical development and manufacturing division of Mayne Pharma, has invested in additional equipment to enhance capacity in early phase drug development. Another Xcelodose 600S precision powder micro-dosing system will further provide capacity and efficiency improvements in meeting increasing demand for preclinical and early phase clinical GMP supply.

    Metrics’ new Xcelodose 600S is a strategic addition for Metrics’ formulation development team. The 600S can dispense dose weights as low as 100 micrograms, allowing for precise, accurate and repeated filling of capsules and other small dose containers without excipients or bulking agents. Most formulated products can also be filled without segregation. Metrics will install the new Xcelodose 600S in its state-of-the-art facility in Greenville, NC.

    Hovione Enters Dispersome Technology Partnership
    Hovione, a CDMO and provider of spray drying and particle engineering services, has entered a partnership with Zerion Pharma to market and commercialize Dispersome, Zerion´s proprietary solubility enhancement technology platform.

    Zerion’s technology builds on a new concept of increasing drug solubility by using natural protein-based excipients to formulate APIs into amorphous solid dispersions by spray drying. By combining Dispersome technology with Hovione’s spray drying capabilities, experience in development, scale-up and GMP manufacturing, the CDMO has strengthened its position in amorphous solid dispersions, coming up with innovative solutions to overcome a prevalent challenge faced by the industry: low drug solubility. 
    Related Searches
    • Contract Manufacturing
    • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Contract Manufacturing
    • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Suggested For You
    Alkemist Labs Now Conducts Heavy Metal, Pesticides Testing Alkemist Labs Now Conducts Heavy Metal, Pesticides Testing
    Kappa BioScience Forms Scientific and Medical Advisory Board Kappa BioScience Forms Scientific and Medical Advisory Board
    NPA Appoints Douglas Kalman, PhD, as Director of Scientific Affairs NPA Appoints Douglas Kalman, PhD, as Director of Scientific Affairs
    EccaTru™ - A New, Novel Source of Echinacea for Immune Support EccaTru™ - A New, Novel Source of Echinacea for Immune Support
    ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021 ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021
    Lallemand Probiotic Receives Health Claim Approval in Canada Lallemand Probiotic Receives Health Claim Approval in Canada
    Nutrasource Receives FDA ‘No Questions’ Letter on Howtian’s Sweetener Extract Nutrasource Receives FDA ‘No Questions’ Letter on Howtian’s Sweetener Extract
    Severe COVID-19 Patients Showed Impaired Gut Health: King’s College Study Severe COVID-19 Patients Showed Impaired Gut Health: King’s College Study
    IFF Acquiring Contract Manufacturer Health Wright Products IFF Acquiring Contract Manufacturer Health Wright Products
    Roquette Pea Protein Receives DIAAS Score of 100 Roquette Pea Protein Receives DIAAS Score of 100
    Wilson Lau Launches Sleep Strips and Coffee Pods in Natural Retail Channel Wilson Lau Launches Sleep Strips and Coffee Pods in Natural Retail Channel
    Omega-3 Index Linked to Immunity and Cell Membrane Integrity in Two Studies Omega-3 Index Linked to Immunity and Cell Membrane Integrity in Two Studies
    Bergamot Polyphenolic Fractions May Lower Cholesterol Profile Bergamot Polyphenolic Fractions May Lower Cholesterol Profile
    Aker BioMarine Receives A-Rating from Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Aker BioMarine Receives A-Rating from Sustainable Fisheries Partnership
    Aged Black Garlic Extract May Help Reduce Diastolic Blood Pressure Aged Black Garlic Extract May Help Reduce Diastolic Blood Pressure

    Related Breaking News

    • Dietary Supplements | Herbs & Botanicals | Natural/Organic | Testing
      Alkemist Labs Now Conducts Heavy Metal, Pesticides Testing

      Alkemist Labs Now Conducts Heavy Metal, Pesticides Testing

      The purity testing capabilities are now available alongside tests for identity, potency, and hemp-specific tests.
      03.01.22

    • Breaking News | Medical Nutrition | Research | Supplier News | Vitamins | World Markets
      Kappa BioScience Forms Scientific and Medical Advisory Board

      Kappa BioScience Forms Scientific and Medical Advisory Board

      The team of leading academics in cardiology, immunology, kinesiology, and molecular nutrition have authored over 700 scientific papers.
      03.01.22

    • Breaking News | Dietary Supplements | Industry & Market News | Quality & Safety | Regulations
      NPA Appoints Douglas Kalman, PhD, as Director of Scientific Affairs

      NPA Appoints Douglas Kalman, PhD, as Director of Scientific Affairs

      Kalman’s expertise stems from being an advisor for leading teaching hospitals and clinical research organizations.
      03.01.22


    • EccaTru™ - A New, Novel Source of Echinacea for Immune Support

      EccaTru™ - A New, Novel Source of Echinacea for Immune Support

      Download our Whitepaper now to learn more!

    • Breaking News | Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Industry & Market News
      ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021

      ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021

      Supplements which declined in popularity during the pandemic bounced back over the following year, according to data from 8,049 people.
      02.28.22

    Loading, Please Wait..
    Trending
    • High Blood DHA Levels Linked To 49% Reduced Risk Of Alzheimer’s
    • Three Grams Of Omega-3s May Be Optimal Dose For Reducing Blood Pressure
    • CoQ10 And Royal Jelly Supplementation May Improve High Intensity Exercise
    • Oregon Files Lawsuit Against GNC
    • First Day Life Shuts Down Children's Behavioral, Cognitive Health Claims Following Challenge
    Breaking News
    • CRN Announces New Staff Appointments
    • Food Supplements Europe: Most Consumers Use Dietary Supplements Safely
    • True Westfjords Launches Dropi Cod Liver Oil Tonic
    • Alkemist Labs Warns About Missing Components to Pesticide Testing
    • Boswellia and Bengal Quince Fruit Extract Blend Linked to Respiratory Benefits
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    June 2022

    • Tapping Functional Beverages to Meet Modern Wellness Needs
    • Adaptogens: Where Ancient Remedies Meet Modern Wellness Products
    • New and Evolving Formulation Options Must Be Mindful of Blood Sugar Maintenance
    • Health Products Association - China Executive Director Reflects on Market Dynamics, Challenges
    • Blood Sugar Management: Personalized Testing Drives Home The Need for Early Intervention
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    CRN Announces New Staff Appointments
    Food Supplements Europe: Most Consumers Use Dietary Supplements Safely
    True Westfjords Launches Dropi Cod Liver Oil Tonic
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Advanced Polymer Coatings Inks Ten Tanker deal with Turkey’s Chemfleet
    Heubach Launches Expanded Colanyl 500 range for Vibrant Orange Colors
    The ChemQuest Group Launches New Website
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    Getinge Completes Purchase of Fluoptics SAS
    InBody Expands Blood Pressure Line
    Royal Philips Teams Up with Biodesix
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    Evotec, Boehringer Ingelheim and BioMérieux Form Joint Venture
    Qualigen, Hande Sciences Partner to Scale-Up Mfg. for IND-Enabling Studies
    KBI Biopharma, Selexis Open State-of-the-Art Facility in Geneva
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Summer Camp Launches Line of Safe & Effective Sun Care Products
    Ameripen’s Dan Felton Voices Concerns About California Senate Bill 54
    Arkay Receives Platinum Rating in EcoVadis CSR Assessment
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    Azelis Signs Distribution Agreement with Seqens Advanced Cosmetics
    Talc-Free Eyeshadow Debuts from Kevyn Aucoin Beauty
    Jojoba Desert Achieves EcoVadis Gold Medal
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    Two ProAmpac Facilities Receive Key ISO Certifications
    BASF Venture Capital Invests in Climentum Capital’s First Fund
    JNS-SmithChem Acquires Tampa-Based Gulf Coast Chemical
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Paper Resources rebrands as Pri+
    Rotocon debuts new logo
    Mark Andy to showcase digital transformation at Labelexpo ​​​​​​
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    Paper Excellence Group to Buy Resolute Forest Products
    Rose Baby Diaper Brand to Be Available in U.S.
    SWM, Neenah Complete Merger of Equals
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Enovis Buys Insight Medical Systems, a Surgical Guidance Firm
    No Revisions, Few Complications for Exactech's Total Ankle System
    SpineX Begins SCONE Clinical Trial
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    Veridos Acquires Valid’s US Identity Solutions Business
    First Solar Completes Sale of Japan Project Development Platform to PAG Real Assets
    NREL Scientists Explore How to Make PV Even Greener

    Copyright © 2022 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login