• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Exclusives
    • Nutraceuticals
    • Markets
    • Health
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Buyers' Guide
    • Showcases
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Exclusives
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Markets
  • Health
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Buyers' Guide
  • Showcases
  • Current & Past Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorials
    Digital Edition
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    eNewsletter
    Editorial Guidelines
    Top Features
    Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Equipment Trends

    Oral Solids: Market & Technology Trends

    Nutraceutical Manufacturing: Meeting the Challenges of Today, Planning for Tomorrow

    2021 Contract Manufacturing Survey

    Aker BioMarine Launches Krill-Derived Protein Ingredient, INVI
    Breaking News
    Certifications, Approvals and Patents
    Exclusives
    Industry & Market News
    People
    Products
    Regulatory
    Research
    Supplier News
    Supplier Insights
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Preclinical Trial Suggests Fish Hydrolysate Attenuates Neuroinflammation Greater than DHA Alone

    Study Explains Link Between Probiotic Strains and Children’s Immune Health Benefits

    Maypro Launches Brain Heatlh Ingredient NeuroHD

    Gadot Biochemical Launches New Magnesium Ingredients

    Low Levels of Vitamin D and Calcium Linked to COVID-19 Severity
    Exclusives
    Blogs & Guest Articles
    Health E-Insights
    Area Code 420
    eBook
    Antioxidants
    Dairy-Based Ingredients
    Enzymes
    Fatty Acids
    Fiber & Carbohydrates
    Green Foods
    Herbs & Botanicals
    Marine Nutraceuticals
    Minerals
    Omega 3s
    Probiotics & Prebiotics
    Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
    Sweeteners
    Vitamins

    Preclinical Trial Suggests Fish Hydrolysate Attenuates Neuroinflammation Greater than DHA Alone

    Study Explains Link Between Probiotic Strains and Children’s Immune Health Benefits

    Maypro Launches Brain Heatlh Ingredient NeuroHD

    Gadot Biochemical Launches New Magnesium Ingredients

    Following the Ascent of Alternative Proteins
    Consumer Trends
    Contract Manufacturing
    Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
    Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Dietary Supplements
    Flavors & Colors
    Functional Foods & Beverages
    Healthcare Trends
    Medical Nutrition
    Mergers & Acquisitions
    Natural/Organic
    Nutrition Bars
    Packaging
    Pet Nutraceuticals
    Quality & Safety
    Regulations
    Research
    Testing
    World Markets

    Preclinical Trial Suggests Fish Hydrolysate Attenuates Neuroinflammation Greater than DHA Alone

    Study Explains Link Between Probiotic Strains and Children’s Immune Health Benefits

    Maypro Launches Brain Heatlh Ingredient NeuroHD

    Gadot Biochemical Launches New Magnesium Ingredients

    Antioxidants Adapt to New Growth Avenues
    Bone & Joint Health
    Cancer Risk
    Cardiovascular Health
    Cognitive Function
    Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
    Digestive Health
    Energy
    Eye Health
    Healthy Aging
    Immune Function
    Infant & Children's Health
    Inflammation
    Men's Health
    Mood Health & Sleep
    Oral Health
    Sexual & Reproductive Health
    Skin Health
    Sports Nutrition
    Weight Management/Weight Loss
    Women's Health

    Preclinical Trial Suggests Fish Hydrolysate Attenuates Neuroinflammation Greater than DHA Alone

    Study Explains Link Between Probiotic Strains and Children’s Immune Health Benefits

    Maypro Launches Brain Heatlh Ingredient NeuroHD

    Gadot Biochemical Launches New Magnesium Ingredients

    An Interview with Pete Croatto, Author
    Industry Events
    Live From Show Events
    Webinars
    All Companies
    Categories
    Trade Associations
    Company Capabilities
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Verdure Sciences

    Nutrition21, LLC

    KLK OLEO - Davos Life Science

    AIDP

    Chenland Nutritionals Inc.
    Companies
    Product Releases
    News Releases
    Literature / Brochures
    White Papers
    Jobs
    VIdeos
    Services
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Vesta Nutra

    Bioenergy Life Science, Inc. (BLS)

    Indena USA, Inc.

    Sabinsa Corporation

    Gencor
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Buyers' Guide
      • All Companies
      • Categories
      • Trade Associations
      • Company Capabilities
    • Nutraceuticals
      • Antioxidants
      • Dairy-Based Ingredients
      • Enzymes
      • Fatty Acids
      • Fiber & Carbohydrates
      • Green Foods
      • Herbs & Botanicals
      • Marine Nutraceuticals
      • Minerals
      • Omega 3s
      • Probiotics & Prebiotics
      • Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      • Sweeteners
      • Vitamins
    • Markets
      • Consumer Trends
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
      • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
      • Dietary Supplements
      • Flavors & Colors
      • Functional Foods & Beverages
      • Healthcare Trends
      • Medical Nutrition
      • Mergers & Acquisitions
      • Natural/Organic
      • Nutrition Bars
      • Packaging
      • Pet Nutraceuticals
      • Quality & Safety
      • Regulations
      • Research
      • Testing
      • World Markets
    • Health
      • Bone & Joint Health
      • Cancer Risk
      • Cardiovascular Health
      • Cognitive Function
      • Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
      • Digestive Health
      • Energy
      • Eye Health
      • Healthy Aging
      • Immune Function
      • Infant & Children's Health
      • Inflammation
      • Men's Health
      • Mood Health & Sleep
      • Oral Health
      • Sexual & Reproductive Health
      • Skin Health
      • Sports Nutrition
      • Weight Management/Weight Loss
      • Women's Health
    • Online Exclusives
    • Webinars
    • Slideshows
    • Blogs & Guest Articles
    • Health E-Insights
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • eBook
    • Infographics
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • TrendSense
      • Monograph Center
      • White Papers
      • Research News
    • Jobs
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Supplier Showcases
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • News Releases
      • Literature / Brochures
      • White Papers
      • Jobs
      • VIdeos
      • Services
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Features

    Novel Cosmetics Ingredients From Tribal & Aboriginal Medicine

    Exploring natural materials for cosmetics and other topical product innovations.

    Novel Cosmetics Ingredients From Tribal & Aboriginal Medicine
    Related CONTENT
    • Botanical Company Indena Celebrates its Centennial
    • Citrus Support for the Blood Glucose-Immune System Connection
    • Symphony Natural Health Adopts Maca, Supports ABC’s HerbMedPro Database
    • Natural Remedies Adopts Andrographis through ABC’s Adopt-an-Herb Program
    • Preserving Quality in Immune Health Products: Weathering a Storm of Demand
    Shyam Gupta, PhD, Bioderm Research09.01.16
    The use of medicinal plants for personal care applications has precedence in ancient Chinese and Ayurvedic literature. The knowledge of topically active ingredients from native resources, while quite abundant, has received scant attention due to their limited commercial availability and lack of scientifically proven applications.1

    Indigenous native healing traditions have played an important role in treating tribal and aboriginal populations worldwide, via both topical and ingestible therapies along with ceremonial rituals and holistic sessions. Conceptually, an ideal state of well-being and health in ancient therapies, whether Ayurvedic, Chinese, Aboriginal or Native American, requires a holistic connection of human body to the earth and living in harmony with the environment—a triumvirate of body, mind, and soul connecting with the environment.2

    Relative to commercial availability of such botanicals from indigenous farming, it is noteworthy that tribal agricultural land and forests have highly degraded over time with a loss of their natural capacity for regeneration. Restoration of such soils for sustained availability of indigenous source-based ingredients is paramount.3 Also, bio-piracy and over-exploitation of a particular plant species can lead to near-extinction and thus hinder sustainable utilization of native plants.4

    Gems from Traditional Ethnobotany
    The development of active chemical compounds that may be present in traditional healing potions can lead to future utilization of ancient, yet still practiced, therapies for topical product innovations via modern-day science.5

    Beyond hallucinogens or intoxicants practiced so commonly in ancient ceremonial medicine, this article focuses on select, newly discovered active chemical compounds from native tribal and aboriginal ethnobotanical resources—via a blending of ancient art with modern science—in anticipation of their increased commercial awareness for innovative skin and personal care applications (see Table 1).5


    Medicament from Buddhist Monasteries
    “Buddhist practice focuses on cognition, on motivation, but also, as the Zen tradition frames it, on understanding ‘the way things are.’ The teaching of cause and effect is one aspect of this endeavor. Much of what we deal with in daily life, and in the practice of health care, are affects of actions, behaviors, and stresses.”6 The medical treatments in Buddhist and Hindu traditions amalgamate body, mind and environment.

    Antioxidants from Rubus spp.
    Manubzhithang, a Tibetan medicine found in different regions of China, contains one of the three Rubus species: Rubus amabilis, Rubus niveus and Rubus sachalinensis. Interestingly, Rubus niveus has become one of the most widespread invasive plant species in the Galapagos Islands.7 Nature has a way to transport living matter from Tibet to Galapagos.

    Three potent antioxidants, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, procyanidin B4 and isovitexin, have been identified in the extracts obtained from all three Rubus plants.7 Rubus fruticosus has recently been reported to contain steroids, lipids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpene acids and tannins in various parts of the plant that show antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal and antiviral activities.8 Isovitexin, in a recent report, has also shown potent enzyme inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, human neutrophil elastase, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and squalene synthase.9 This active agent offers promise for anti-aging skin care formulations via modulation of key enzymes that trigger skin aging biochemical processes.

    Geraniin
    This polyphenolic polylactone compound has recently been isolated from Phyllanthus emblica, a well-known ancient Hindu and Buddhist medicinal plant. This compound can be useful as a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient for skin anti-aging and anti-acne applications due to its anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, antioxidant, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase and wound healing attributes.10

    Native Offerings from Andaman Islands
    Throughout history tribal people have depended on herbal medicines. The Nicobarese inhabit islands of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. The daily life of these people is closely linked to nature and mostly isolated from modern technologies. The knowledge of their traditional ethnomedical practices, while extensive, remains mostly undocumented and unexplored. However, recent work has shed much light on this subject, and new ingredients are emerging for modern-day use.11

    Sarpagine
    Alkaloids are biologically one of the most potent yet least-utilized ingredients in cosmetic applications. Sarpagine and related indole alkaloids have shown very diverse and interesting biological properties that are widely dispersed in 25 plant genera, principally in Apocynaceae. Antimicrobial property was reported in a study of six medicinal plants (Alstonia macrophylla, Claoxylon indicum, Dillenia andamanica, Jasminum syringifolium, Miliusia andamanica and Pedilanthus tithymaloides) traditionally used by Nicobarese tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.11

    A total of 115 newly isolated sarpagine-related macroline and ajmaline alkaloids have been identified. The topical application of vasodilatory activity of these alkaloids, especially more abundant sarpagine, awaits further study in topical wound healing, hair restoration and lip plumper (possible taste concern) formulations.11

    Native Peruvian Plants
    Traditional Peruvian medicine uses more than 1,400 plant species; however, only a few have undergone scientific investigation, among which are Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon), Croton lechleri (sangre de grado), Uncaria tomentosa/U. guianensis (uña de gato), Lepidium meyenii (maca), Physalis peruviana (aguaymanto), Minthostachys mollis (muña), Notholaena nivea (cuti-cuti), Maytenus macrocarpa (chuchuhuasi), Dracontium loretense (jergon sacha), Gentianella nitida (hercampuri), Plukenetia volubilis (sacha inchi) and Zea mays (maiz morado).12,13

    Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing, antifungal and antiviral activities have been reported.14 Isopteropodine has been reported as the most potent antibacterial agent from Uña de Gato, which deserves further attention in topical applications such as skin anti-aging, acne and antibacterial wash preparations.14

    Salamina Maroon Community, Brazil: Malva Branca Sedosa (Sida cordifolia)
    The Salamina maroon community (Brazil) possesses knowledge of the medicinal value of the local flora from the tropical forests. Their pharmacopoeia is a hybrid mix of wild and cultivated species; most are associated with spiritual and magical medicine. Among 118 medicinal plant species distributed in 100 genera and 51 families, Sida cordifolia was one of the most used herbal medicines for skin problems.15,16

    Among more than 142 chemical agents isolated from Sida cordifolia, vasicine and its derivatives have shown potent anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging, antimicrobial, antifungal, enzyme inhibitory and anti-lipid peroxidation activity, potentially applicable in skin anti-aging formulations.17 Sida cordifolia extracts have shown topical antinociceptive properties, which may be useful in topical pain relief compositions.18

    Aboriginal Tribal Medicine from Boreal Forest, Canada
    Native people in boreal were established between 20,000 and 5,000 years ago. With about 1 million people in 600 communities across the country, the boreal is home to 80% of First Nations people in Canada. Ojibwa women from Superior’s northern shore wrapped newborns in the skin of a rabbit and diapered them with sphagnum moss collected from the forest floor. Algonquian women gathered berries from the understory. The aboriginals regard the forest as critical to their cultural survival as indigenous people. Their traditional cultural beliefs hold that land and life should be viewed as a whole, reminiscent of Buddhist philosophy that people should live in harmony with their environment.

    The boreal forest is the largest forest ecosystem on earth. It is actually 50% bigger than the Amazon rainforest. One can only imagine natural resources yet untapped from the boreal.

    Aboriginal people in the boreal forest of Canada have used medicinal plants for thousands of years. In a review, 546 medicinal plants used by the Aboriginal people of the Canadian boreal forest were reported to treat 28 disease and disorder categories, including 100 plants for dermatological applications.19 Among those, Achillea millefolium and Tanacetum vulgare have been two of the most widely used plant species.20

    In a testing of extracts, MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity was noted. Achillin, Leucodin, Matricarin, Epoxydesacetoxymatricarin, and a polysaccharide were identified as main components.21 Extracts of Achillea were used to treat topical inflammation and wound healing.22 Production and stimulation of human skin fibroblast cells by Achillea millefolium has been reported.23 These findings clearly indicate application in skin anti-aging formulations. It is interesting to note that leucodine and related guaianolide lactones are also present in Chamomile tea, further indicating topical anti-inflammatory applications in skin care.24

    Golden Nuggets from the U.S.
    “Medicine men” (or women), revered as “doctors,” performed healings in Native American medicinal tradition. Before treating a patient, the medicine man diagnosed the ailment. A medicine man then administered a natural materials-based (mostly herbal) medicine to treat the condition. Ritual purification may have been performed, which was intended to rid the body of harmful toxins. Herbal concoctions were used for such healing rituals.

    The ethnobotany of Native American communities is quite extensive.25 Most of these botanicals have traditionally been used for the treatment of various illnesses and ailments. Today, their topical applications are becoming increasingly known in view of modern science. There is a plethora of information available on chemical constituents of botanicals from the desert southwest, a comprehensive inclusion of which is beyond the scope of this article. However, a few nuggets serve as examples.

    Anemopsis californica (Yerba mansa, Lizard Tail): Pima, Mayo, Yaqui, Mexican, Chumash, Shoshone and other tribes have used Yerba mansa. A number of fungal endophytes from the roots of Yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica), a botanical traditionally used to treat infection, have been identified. Potent antimicrobial activity of several active constituents has been reported.26 Among those, equisetin has shown antimicrobial activity even against penicillin-resistant bacteria, which offers an opportunity for effective topical skin care compositions.27

    Penstemon ambiguus (Sand Penstemon, Cows Tobacco): The Diné (Navajo) used it to increase recovery rate of open flesh wounds by inhibiting inflammation. Several iridoid-class of compounds, such as catalpol, have been identified that have shown potent anti-inflammatory activity due to their Cox-1 and Cox-2 inhibition.28

    Creole Folk Medicine: Creole have used plant-based therapies throughout their history. An interdisciplinary approach focusing on cultural anthropology, botany, biochemistry and endocrinology has been developed to screen native southwest Louisiana plants.29 Gene-expression study of extracts obtained from several plants for inflammatory markers revealed Baccharis halimifolia (Groundsel Bush), Croton capitatus (Goat Weed), Saururus cernuus (Lizard’s Tail), and Persea borbonia (Red Bay) to have strong anti-inflammatory activity. This further confirmed the records of Creole folk medicine for the use of Lizard’s Tail and Red Berry as treatments for inflammation.29

    Saururus cernuus, widely used for medicinal purposes in Creole history, contains a plethora of interesting bioactive compounds for topical applications. Neolignans, recently discovered in Saururus cernuus, have promising hypoxia-modulating activity that may be useful for the management of topical inflammation.30 Molecular oxygen is required for aerobic metabolism and as an electron acceptor in many biochemical reactions. Shortage of oxygen (hypoxia) occurs in a variety of pathological conditions, including stroke, tissue ischemia, inflammation and tumor growth.

    Formulation Strategies
    A complex array of chemical structures of active agents obtainable from tribal and aboriginal resources requires a careful selection of formulation ingredients to assure their maximum topical delivery and optimal product stability. Although a detailed discussion of which is beyond the scope of this article, references are available.31

    Conclusion
    The native and aboriginal medicine practiced since ancient times, irrespective of its geographic place of practice or origin, interlinks a holistic trio of body, mind and environment. The herbal and other nature-based treatment methods, whether ingested, topical or inhaled are now being better understood via modern science. The application of newly discovered active agents in the development of skin care and other topical products await their commercial availability. 


    About the Author: Shyam Gupta is an international consultant in innovative topical and skin care products based on new ingredients and delivery systems with more than 100 patents, patent applications, cosmetic publications, and book chapters specializing in consumer desirable nature-based formulations with incomparable efficacy and performance attributes. He can be reached at 602-996-9700; shyam@biodermresearch.com; www.biodermresearch.com.

    References
    1. Native Uses of Native Plants, USDA natural resources conservation service California and Nevada; Indigenous Plants & Native Uses in the Northeast, NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art, Native American Plant Uses, Native American Uses of California Plants - Ethnobotany, Arboretum - University of California, Santa Cruz; Native American Legends: Native American and Other Ancient Remedies, Legends of America; Medicine Ways: Traditional Healers and Healing, Native Voices; Medicinal plants of the American West, Wikipedia; Indian Herbalogy of North America: The Definitive Guide to Native Medicinal Plants and Their Uses, Hutchens, Shambhala (1991); Herbal Herbs; Native American Herbal Remedies, Cherokee Messenger.
    2. Koithan et al., Indigenous Native American Healing Traditions, J Nurse Pract. 2010 Jun 1; 6(6): 477–478; Hunter et al., Aboriginal healing: regaining balance and culture, J Transcult Nurs. 2006 Jan;17(1):13-22; Hatala, Spirituality and aboriginal mental health: an examination of the relationship between Aboriginal spirituality and mental health, Adv Mind Body Med. 2008 Spring;23(1):6-12; Moorehead et al., A Gathering of Native American Healers: Exploring the Interface of Indigenous Tradition and Professional Practice, Am J Community Psychol. 2015 Dec;56(3-4):383-94; Bell et al., Sociocultural and community factors influencing the use of Native Hawaiian healers and healing practices among adolescents in Hawai’i, Pac Health Dialog. 2001 Sep;8(2):249-59; Fortney at al., Geographical access and the substitution of traditional healing for biomedical services in 2 American Indian tribes, Med Care. 2012 Oct;50(10):877-84; Marsh et al., Blending Aboriginal and Western healing methods to treat intergenerational trauma with substance use disorder in Aboriginal peoples who live in northeastern Ontario, Canada, Harm Reduct J. 2015 May 20;12:14; Campbell et al., A qualitative study: potential benefits and challenges of traditional healers in providing aspects of palliative care in rural South Africa, Rural Remote Health. 2014;14:2378. Epub 2014 May 11; Campbell et al., A poststructural glimpse at the World Health Organization’s palliative care discourse in rural South Africa, Rural Remote Health. 2012;12:2059. Epub 2012 Oct 11; Hunter et al., Linking aboriginal healing traditions to holistic nursing practice, J Holist Nurs. 2004 Sep;22(3):267-85.
    3. Ramachandran et al., Restoration of Degraded Soil in the Nanmangalam Reserve Forest with Native Tree Species: Effect of Indigenous Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria, ScientificWorldJournal. 2016;2016:5465841. Epub 2016 Apr 18; Bashan et al., Restoration of eroded soil in the Sonoran Desert with native leguminous trees using plant growth-promoting microorganisms and limited amounts of compost and water, J Environ Manage. 2012 Jul 15;102:26-36. Epub 2012 Mar 22.
    4. Mackey et al., Integrating biodiversity management and indigenous biopiracy protection to promote environmental justice and global health, Am J Public Health. 2012 Jun;102(6):1091-5. Epub 2012 Apr 19; Efferth et al., Biopiracy of natural products and good bioprospecting practice, Phytomedicine. 2016 Feb 15;23(2):166-73. Epub 2016 Jan 9; Noquiera et al., Patenting bioactive molecules from biodiversity: the Brazilian experience, Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2010 Feb;20(2):145-57; Sivasankari et al., An ethnobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the village peoples of Thoppampatti, Dindigul district, Tamilnadu, India, J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Apr 28;153(2):408-23. Epub 2014 Feb 27.
    5. Sharma et al., Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat skin diseases by Tharu community of district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India, J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Dec 2;158 Pt A:140-206. Epub 2014 Oct 14; Marsh et al., Blending Aboriginal and Western healing methods to treat intergenerational trauma with substance use disorder in Aboriginal peoples who live in northeastern Ontario, Canada, Harm Reduct J. 2015 May 20;12:14; Masada, Authentication of the botanical origin of Western herbal products using Cimicifuga and Vitex products as examples, J Nat Med. 2016 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]; Oshima et al., Identification of New Diterpenes as Putative Marker Compounds Distinguishing Agnus Castus Fruit (Chaste Tree) from Shrub Chaste Tree Fruit (Viticis Fructus), Planta Med. 2016 Jan;82(1-2):147-53. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1558089. Epub 2016 Jan 12; Pirbalouti et al., Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from Ferulago angulata, Pharm Biol. 2016 Apr 22:1-6. [Epub ahead of print]; Zarik et al.,Use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve the drought tolerance of Cupressus atlantica G., C R Biol. 2016 May 11. pii: S1631-0691(16)30032-4. [Epub ahead of print]; Gadhave et al., Developing Soil Microbial Inoculants for Pest Management: Can One Have Too Much of a Good Thing?, J Chem Ecol. 2016 Apr;42(4):348-56. Epub 2016 Apr 8.
    6. Beyrer, The proper study of mankind, Lancet. 2015 Oct 31;386(10005):1724-5. Epub 2015 Jul 6.
    7. Caidan et al., Comparison of compounds of three Rubus species and their antioxidant activity, Drug Discov Ther. 2015 Dec;9(6):391-6; Renteria et al., Possible impacts of the invasive plant Rubus niveus on the native vegetation of the Scalesia forest in the Galapagos islands, PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48106. Epub 2012 Oct 31.
    8. Ahmed et al., Report: antioxidant and nutraceutical value of wild medicinal Rubus berries, Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015 Jan;28(1):241-7; Verma et al., Rubus fruticosus (blackberry) use as an herbal medicine, Pharmacogn Rev. 2014 Jul;8(16):101-4; Zia-Ul-Haq et al., Rubus fruticosus L.: constituents, biological activities and health related uses, Molecules. 2014 Jul 28;19(8):10998-1029.
    9. Narayanaswamy et al., Molecular Docking Analysis of Selected Clinacanthus nutans Constituents as Xanthine Oxidase, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Human Neutrophil Elastase, Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 and Squalene Synthase Inhibitors, Pharmacogn Mag. 2016 Jan;12 (Suppl 1):S21-6.
    10. Pientaweeratch et al., Antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities of Phyllanthus emblica, Manilkara zapota and silymarin: an in vitro comparative study for anti-aging applications, Pharm Biol. 2016 Feb 24:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]; Xu et al., Antioxidant and hyaluronidase inhibitory activities of diverse phenolics in Phyllanthus emblica, Nat Prod Res. 2016 Feb 12:1-4. [Epub ahead of print]; Yang et al., Composition and biological activities of hydrolyzable tannins of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica, J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Jan 22;62(3):529-41. Epub 2014 Jan 9; Zhao et al., Anticancer Properties of Phyllanthus emblica (Indian Gooseberry), Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:950890. Epub 2015 Jun 9; Krishnaveni et al., Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica (amla): the ayurvedic wonder, J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;21(1):93-105; Huang et al., Study on Chemical Composition of Phyllanthus emblica, Zhong Yao Cai. 2015 Feb;38(2):290-3; Lv et al., Anti-viral and cytotoxic norbisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica and their absolute configurations, Phytochemistry. 2015 Sep;117:123-34. Epub 2015 Jun 12.
    11. Chander et al., Herbal medicine & healthcare practices among Nicobarese of Nancowry group of Islands - an indigenous tribe of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Indian J Med Res. 2015 May; 141(5): 720–744; Chander et al., Medicinal Plants Used by the Nicobarese Inhabiting Little Nicobar Island of the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India, J Altern Complement Med. 2015 Jul;21(7):373-9. Epub 2015 Jun 5; Chander et al., Antimicrobial and antimalarial properties of medicinal plants used by the indigenous tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, Microb Pathog. 2016 Jul;96:85-8. Epub 2016 May 9; Chander et al., Ethno medicine and healthcare practices among Nicobarese of Car Nicobar - an indigenous tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Dec 2;158 Pt A:18-24. Epub 2014 Oct 8; Chander et al., Ethnomedicinal knowledge among Karens of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India, J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Mar 13;162:127-33. Epub 2014 Dec 31; Singh et al., Estimation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of underutilized fruits of Andaman Islands (India), Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012 Jun;63(4):446-52. Epub 2011 Nov 14; Namjoshi et al., Sarpagine and Related Alkaloids, Alkaloids Chem Biol. 2016;76:63-169. Epub 2015 Oct 9; Pan et al., Bioactive indole alkaloids isolated from Alstonia angustifolia, Phytochem Lett. 2014 Dec;10:54-59.
    12. Lock et al., Bioactive Compounds from Plants Used in Peruvian Traditional Medicine, Nat Prod Commun. 2016 Mar;11(3):315-37; Williams, Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants of the Peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on Una de Gato and Sangre de Grado, Altern Med Rev. 2001 Dec;6(6):567-79; Gonzales et al., A mixture of extracts from Peruvian plants (black maca and yacon) improves sperm count and reduced glycemia in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, Toxicol Mech Methods. 2013 Sep;23(7):509-18. Epub 2013 Apr 29; Desmarchelier et al., Effects of sangre de drago from Croton lechleri Muell.-Arg. on the production of active oxygen radicals. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;58:103-108.
    13. Stuppner et al., Capillary electrophoretic analysis of oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tomentosa. J Chromatogr, 1992:609:375-380.
    14. Sandoval et al., Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content, Phytomedicine. 2002 May;9(4):325-37; Garcia et al., Antimicrobial activity of isopteropodine, Z Naturforsch C. 2005 May-Jun;60(5-6):385-8.
    15. Subramanya et al., Total polyphenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant properties of eight Sida species from Western Ghats, India, J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015 Jan-Mar;6(1):24-8; Dinda et al., The genus Sida L. - A traditional medicine: Its ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological data for commercial exploitation in herbal drugs industry, J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Dec 24;176:135-76. Epub 2015 Oct 21.
    16. de Santana et al., Ethnomedicinal survey of a maroon community in Brazil’s Atlantic tropical forest, J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Apr 2;181:37-49. Epub 2016 Jan 21.
    17. Duraipandiyan et al., Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of vasicine acetate synthesized from vasicine isolated from Adhatoda vasica L, Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:727304. Epub 2015 Jan 14; Singh et al., Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees, Phytomedicine. 2013 Mar 15;20(5):441-5. Epub 2013 Jan 26; Shahwar et al., Enzyme inhibition, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of vasicine isolated from Adhatoda vasica Nees,Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jul;25(3):651-6; Nilani et al.,In vitro antioxidant activity of selected antiasthmatic herbal constituents, Anc Sci Life. 2009 Apr;28(4):3-6; Swathy et al., Antiperoxidative and antiinflammatory effect of Sida cordifolia Linn. on quinolinic acid induced neurotoxicity, Neurochem Res. 2010 Sep;35(9):1361-7. Epub 2010 May 25.
    18. Bonjardim et al., Sida cordifolia leaf extract reduces the orofacial nociceptive response in mice, Phytother Res. 2011 Aug;25(8):1236-41. Epub 2011 Jun 14.
    19. Uprety et al., Traditional use of medicinal plants in the boreal forest of Canada: review and perspectives, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2012; 8: 7; Menna: http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jf04/indepth/anthropology.asp.
    20. Applequist et al., Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.): A neglected panacea? A review of ethnobotany, bioactivity, and biomedical research. Econ Bot. 2011;65:209–225; Chandler et al., Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, Compositae. Econ Bot. 1982;36(2):203–223; Chandler et al., Herbal remedies of the Maritime Indians: Sterols and triterpenes of Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy. Lipids. 1982;17(2):102–106.
    21. Khazneh et al., The Chemical Composition of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch and Its Desirable Effects on Hyperglycemia, Inflammatory Mediators and Hypercholesterolemia as Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease, Molecules. 2016 Mar 25;21(4). pii: E404; Bashi et al., Investigation of optimal extraction, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Achillea biebersteinii and A. wilhelmsii, Pharm Biol. 2012 Sep;50(9):1168-76.
    22. Fresdottir et al., A polysaccharide fraction from Achillea millefolium increases cytokine secretion and reduces activation of Akt, ERK and NF-κB in THP-1 monocytes, Carbohydr Polym. 2016 Jun 5;143:131-8. Epub 2016 Feb 8.
    23. Ghobadian et al., In Vitro Evaluation of Achillea Millefolium on the Production and Stimulation of Human Skin Fibroblast Cells (HFS-PI-16), Med Arch. 2015 Aug;69(4):212-7. Epub 2015 Aug 4.
    24. Tschiggerl et al., Guaianolides and volatile compounds in chamomile tea, Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012 Jun;67(2):129-35.
    25. Medicinal Plants of the Southwest, http://medplant.nmsu.edu/newplants.shtm (Accessed June 5, 2016).
    26. Bussey et al., Comparison of the chemistry and diversity of endophytes isolated from wild-harvested and greenhouse-cultivated yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica), Phytochem Lett. 2015 Mar;11:202-208; Snowden et al., A comparison of the anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of extracts from commonly used medicinal plant, J Altern Complement Med. 2014 May;20(5):375-82. Epub 2014 Mar 17.
    27. Ratnaveera et al., Antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi obtained from the arid zone invasive plant Opuntia dillenii and the isolation of equisetin, from endophytic Fusarium sp., BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 Jul 10;15:220; Jeong et al., Equisetin, reutericyclin and streptolodygin as natural product lead structures for novel antibiotic libraries, Future Med Chem. 2015;7(14):1861-77. Epub 2015 Oct 2.
    28. Park et al., Inhibitory Potencies of Several Iridoids on Cyclooxygenase-1, Cyclooxygnase-2 Enzymes Activities, Tumor Necrosis factor-α and Nitric Oxide Production In Vitro, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2010 Mar; 7(1): 41–45.
    29. Boudreau et al., Screening Native Botanicals for Bioactivity: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Nutrition. 2014 Jul-Aug; 30(0 0): S11–S16.
    30. Kasper et al., Analysis of HIF-1 inhibition by manassantin A and analogues with modified tetrahydrofuran configurations, Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Jul 15; 19(14): 3783–3786.
    31. Gupta, Formulating Cosmeceuticals and Nutraceuticals for Skin Care, Beauty I/O. 2014: 29-33; Gupta, Topical Delivery of Skin Care Ingredients, Cosmetics & Toiletries (C&T). 2014: 129 (8): 26-39. 
    Related Searches
    • Research
    • Minerals
    • Herbs & Botanicals
    • Vitamins
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Research
    • Natural/Organic
    • Antioxidants
    Suggested For You
    Botanical Company Indena Celebrates its Centennial Botanical Company Indena Celebrates its Centennial
    Citrus Support for the Blood Glucose-Immune System Connection Citrus Support for the Blood Glucose-Immune System Connection
    Symphony Natural Health Adopts Maca, Supports ABC’s HerbMedPro Database Symphony Natural Health Adopts Maca, Supports ABC’s HerbMedPro Database
    Natural Remedies Adopts Andrographis through ABC’s Adopt-an-Herb Program Natural Remedies Adopts Andrographis through ABC’s Adopt-an-Herb Program
    Preserving Quality in Immune Health Products: Weathering a Storm of Demand Preserving Quality in Immune Health Products: Weathering a Storm of Demand
    Algaia Partners with AIDP in North America Algaia Partners with AIDP in North America
    ConsumerLab.com Urges Caution with Kelp Supplements ConsumerLab.com Urges Caution with Kelp Supplements
    Advanced Orthomolecular Research Debuts Curcumin Ultra Advanced Orthomolecular Research Debuts Curcumin Ultra
    President of Republic of Mauritius Receives Botanical Research Award President of Republic of Mauritius Receives Botanical Research Award
    Capsugel Puts Fresh Face on In-Stock Capsule Program Capsugel Puts Fresh Face on In-Stock Capsule Program
    Study Finds Careless Improves Microcirculation and Glucose Metabolism Study Finds Careless Improves Microcirculation and Glucose Metabolism
    Creating Customized Approaches for Sustainable Wildcrafting Creating Customized Approaches for Sustainable Wildcrafting
    Michael Tierra Presented ABC Community Builder Award Michael Tierra Presented ABC Community Builder Award
    FDA Offers Funding Opportunities for FSMA Education, Training & Technical Assistance FDA Offers Funding Opportunities for FSMA Education, Training & Technical Assistance
    Alpha-Tocopherol Improves Uptake and Distribution of Tocotrienol Alpha-Tocopherol Improves Uptake and Distribution of Tocotrienol

    Related Features

    • Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Healthy Aging | Immune Function | Research
      Personalized Nutrition: Science & Innovation Bring Concept to Life

      Personalized Nutrition: Science & Innovation Bring Concept to Life

      This rapidly developing field could be positioned to catalyze a new health paradigm.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 03.03.21

    • Antioxidants | Dietary Supplements | Energy | Eye Health | Healthy Aging | Herbs & Botanicals | Immune Function | Vitamins
      Antioxidants Adapt to New Growth Avenues

      Antioxidants Adapt to New Growth Avenues

      Brands have opportunities to reach consumers in search of general health and wellness protection, as well as those who opt for targeted solutions.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor 03.03.21

    • Consumer Trends | Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Healthy Aging | Nutrition Bars & Snacks | Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids | Sports Nutrition | Weight Management/Weight Loss
      Following the Ascent of Alternative Proteins

      Following the Ascent of Alternative Proteins

      As the protein palate of global consumers turns greener, concerted efforts to create nutritionally optimized, appealing options abound.
      By Mike Montemarano, Associate Editor 03.03.21


    • Consumer Trends | Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Healthy Aging | Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids | Research | Sports Nutrition
      Performance, Personalization Continue Driving the Market for Stalwart Protein Supplements

      Performance, Personalization Continue Driving the Market for Stalwart Protein Supplements

      As the line between athletes and active consumers continues to blur, a growing number of protein supplement users seek clean, powerful, and personal solutions.
      By Mike Montemarano, Associate Editor 03.03.21

    • Healthcare Trends | Natural/Organic | Vitamins
      There Couldn’t Be a Better Time for Change—An Open Invitation from Organic & Natural Health

      There Couldn’t Be a Better Time for Change—An Open Invitation from Organic & Natural Health

      Supporting historically Black colleges and universities can help open doors to leadership and introduce students to natural and organic career pathways.
      By Karen Howard, CEO and Executive Director, Organic & Natural Health Association 03.03.21

    • Cognitive Function | Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Energy | Functional Foods & Beverages | Healthcare Trends | Herbs & Botanicals | Vitamins
      Saving Energy: Brands Must Offer Grown-Up and Personalized Products to Compete

      Saving Energy: Brands Must Offer Grown-Up and Personalized Products to Compete

      From dual and triple action formulas to natural and organic ingredients, success in the energy market is about way more than the loud packaging of the past.
      By Melissa Kvidahl Reilly, Contributing Writer 03.03.21


    • Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends
      Advancements in Liquid Fill Technology

      Advancements in Liquid Fill Technology

      Hard capsule liquid fill technology offers brands the ability to develop products with enhanced bioavailability that are more user-friendly and convenient.
      By Dr. Jnanadeva Bhat and Anita Solanki, ACG Group 03.03.21

    • Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Marine Nutraceuticals | Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      Aker BioMarine Launches Krill-Derived Protein Ingredient, INVI

      Aker BioMarine Launches Krill-Derived Protein Ingredient, INVI

      A biomass of krill off the Antarctic coast provides a novel, sustainable source of dense, high-quality protein.
      By Mike Montemarano, Associate Editor 03.03.21

    • Contract Manufacturing | Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements
      2021 Contract Manufacturing Survey

      2021 Contract Manufacturing Survey

      Our fourth annual audience poll indicates continued reliance on manufacturing partners, particularly for small businesses.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor, Nutraceuticals World 03.03.21


    • Contract Manufacturing | Delivery & Dosage Technologies | Dietary Supplements | Functional Foods & Beverages | Healthcare Trends | Quality & Safety | Testing
      Nutraceutical Manufacturing: Meeting the Challenges of Today, Planning for Tomorrow

      Nutraceutical Manufacturing: Meeting the Challenges of Today, Planning for Tomorrow

      Companies continue balancing high demand, supply disruption, and worker safety during the pandemic.
      By Sean Moloughney, Editor, Nutraceuticals World 03.03.21

    • Contract Manufacturing | Delivery & Dosage Technologies
      Oral Solids: Market & Technology Trends

      Oral Solids: Market & Technology Trends

      Oral solids remain the preferred route of drug delivery due to their cost-effectiveness, ease of manufacturing, and patient-friendly dose form options.
      By Tim Wright, Editor, Contract Pharma 03.03.21

    • Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Minerals | Vitamins
      More Than Just A Trend: Supplements Embedded in Consumer Health Regimens

      More Than Just A Trend: Supplements Embedded in Consumer Health Regimens

      Decades of consumer usage data demonstrate continued reliance on dietary supplements.
      By Brian Wommack, Senior Vice President, Communications, Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) 01.19.21


    • Cognitive Function | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Immune Function | Infant & Children's Health | Minerals | Research | Women's Health
      A Growing Need for Mineral Supplementation

      A Growing Need for Mineral Supplementation

      One of the most recognized forms of essential nutrition, minerals can deliver benefits for critical health applications.
      By Tom Druke, Director of Marketing, Balchem Corp. 01.19.21

    • Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Immune Function | Testing | Vitamins | Women's Health
      The Value of Vitamin D Testing

      The Value of Vitamin D Testing

      Personalized approaches to health and medicine will require nutritional status testing to more accurately recommend intake levels of many nutrients.
      By Kristina Harris Jackson, PhD, RD, Research Director, OmegaQuant, Sioux Falls, SD 01.19.21

    • Antioxidants | Eye Health | Minerals | Omega-3s | Research | Vitamins
      A Glance At The Eye Health Market

      A Glance At The Eye Health Market

      A vibrant category of nutritional products has its sights set on protecting vision for the long haul.
      By Mike Montemarano, Associate Editor 01.19.21

    Trending
    • Martin Bauer Group Acquires Majority Stake In Beverage Company Power Brands
    • Nestlé To Sell North American Water Brands
    • House Resolution Calls For CDC And FDA To Back Vitamin D For COVID-19
    • Innova: Top Trends In Dairy Focus On Holistic Benefits
    • Carlson Launches New Grade Of Astaxanthin Gummies With Astaferm
    Breaking News
    • Preclinical Trial Suggests Fish Hydrolysate Attenuates Neuroinflammation Greater than DHA Alone
    • Study Explains Link Between Probiotic Strains and Children’s Immune Health Benefits
    • Maypro Launches Brain Heatlh Ingredient NeuroHD
    • Gadot Biochemical Launches New Magnesium Ingredients
    • Low Levels of Vitamin D and Calcium Linked to COVID-19 Severity
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    March 2021

    • Performance, Personalization Continue Driving the Market for Stalwart Protein Supplements
    • There Couldn’t Be a Better Time for Change—An Open Invitation from Organic & Natural Health
    • Saving Energy: Brands Must Offer Grown-Up and Personalized Products to Compete
    • Advancements in Liquid Fill Technology
    • Aker BioMarine Launches Krill-Derived Protein Ingredient, INVI
    • 2021 Contract Manufacturing Survey
    • Nutraceutical Manufacturing: Meeting the Challenges of Today, Planning for Tomorrow
    • Oral Solids: Market & Technology Trends
    • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Equipment Trends
    • Personalized Nutrition: Science & Innovation Bring Concept to Life
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    Preclinical Trial Suggests Fish Hydrolysate Attenuates Neuroinflammation Greater than DHA Alone
    Study Explains Link Between Probiotic Strains and Children’s Immune Health Benefits
    Maypro Launches Brain Heatlh Ingredient NeuroHD
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Chromaflo Technologies Adds Benjamin Woeste as Territory Sales Manager
    Matt Fogel Named Mule-Hide's Territory Manager – Southern Virginia
    Benjamin Moore Launches COMMAND
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    Plastikos Medical Begins Phase II of Expansion
    Ready Robotics Hires Proven Automation Leaders
    Philips, Disney Join Forces to Reduce Childrens' MRI Anxiety
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    Innoforce and dMed Enter Development Collaboration
    Matica Biotechnology Breaks Ground on Cell and Gene Therapy Site
    Four Female Leaders Appointed to Cell & Gene CDMO
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    BizBash Names Unfiltered Experience ‘People's Choice: Best Influencer Event’
    P&G Makes Progress Toward Packaging Circularity in Europe
    Coty Partners with LanzaTech to Introduce Sustainable Ethanol
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    Coty Partners with LanzaTech to Reduce Its Environmental Impact
    Waterless Beauty, Simplified Routines Shape Clean Beauty at Whole Foods
    Redken Updates Packaging, Adds New Products
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    Massilly North America Adds Koenig & Bauer MetalStar 3 Metal Decorating Press
    Hydrocarbon Solvents Market to Surpass $8.1 Billion by 2030
    Access Direct Mail Doubles Revenue with SCREEN's Truepress Jet520HD
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Fort Dearborn Company acquires Hammer Packaging
    Ashland announces PSA price hike in North America
    Arrow Systems and Sihl form flexible packaging partnership
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    Joa Announces Expandable Absorbent Core Wrap Solution
    Principle Business Enterprises Celebrates 60 Years
    Mann+Hummel Invests in Pamlico Air
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Lincotek Medical Expands Coatings and Additive Capacity
    Spinal Elements Relaunches the Luna XD and Orbit Systems
    Coronavirus Triggers Double-Digit Revenue Dropoff at Smith+Nephew
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    Comercial Kywi Improves Customer Service, Front-Store Operations with Zebra Mobile Solution
    Global Printed Circuit Board Market Projected to Reach $69.32 Billion by 2027
    Global Smart Glass Market to Register 6.8% CAGR Between 2021-28: Grand View Research

    Copyright © 2021 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login