• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Exclusives
    • Nutraceuticals
    • Markets
    • Health
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Buyers' Guide
    • Showcases
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Exclusives
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Markets
  • Health
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Buyers' Guide
  • Showcases
  • Current & Past Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorials
    Digital Edition
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    eNewsletter
    Editorial Guidelines
    Top Features
    Nutraceuticals for Men: Muscle Health and Performance Nutrition

    Aging in Place: Healthy Lifestyles Supplement Science-Based Solutions

    Getting an Edge in Esports: Meeting the Health Needs of Competitive Gamers

    Beyond CBD: Cannabis Compounds Warrant Recognition and More Research

    Leveling Out the Energy Segment for Mainstream, and Rethinking Caffeine
    Breaking News
    Certifications, Approvals and Patents
    Exclusives
    Industry & Market News
    People
    Products
    Regulatory
    Research
    Supplier News
    Supplier Insights
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    GOED Creates Infographic Highlighting Omega-3 Health Claims Approved in Europe

    Kyowa Hakko Appoints Dr. Colin Hill to Immuse Scientific Advisory Board

    Expert Consensus Statement: Diet is Best Primary Intervention to Achieve Diabetes Remission

    Choline Alone May Improve Maternal DHA Status During Pregnancy

    Cranberry Consumption Linked to Memory and Neurological Function Improvements
    Exclusives
    Blogs & Guest Articles
    Health E-Insights
    Area Code 420
    eBook
    Antioxidants
    Dairy-Based Ingredients
    Enzymes
    Fatty Acids
    Fiber & Carbohydrates
    Green Foods
    Herbs & Botanicals
    Marine Nutraceuticals
    Minerals
    Omega 3s
    Probiotics & Prebiotics
    Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
    Sweeteners
    Vitamins

    GOED Creates Infographic Highlighting Omega-3 Health Claims Approved in Europe

    Kyowa Hakko Appoints Dr. Colin Hill to Immuse Scientific Advisory Board

    Choline Alone May Improve Maternal DHA Status During Pregnancy

    Cranberry Consumption Linked to Memory and Neurological Function Improvements

    Bilberon Bilberry Extract Receives U.S. Patent For Eye Strain, Neck/Shoulder Pain
    Consumer Trends
    Contract Manufacturing
    Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
    Delivery & Dosage Technologies
    Dietary Supplements
    Flavors & Colors
    Functional Foods & Beverages
    Healthcare Trends
    Medical Nutrition
    Mergers & Acquisitions
    Natural/Organic
    Nutrition Bars
    Packaging
    Pet Nutraceuticals
    Quality & Safety
    Regulations
    Research
    Testing
    World Markets

    FDA Issues Draft Guidance on NDI Enforcement Discretion

    GOED Creates Infographic Highlighting Omega-3 Health Claims Approved in Europe

    Kyowa Hakko Appoints Dr. Colin Hill to Immuse Scientific Advisory Board

    Expert Consensus Statement: Diet is Best Primary Intervention to Achieve Diabetes Remission

    Choline Alone May Improve Maternal DHA Status During Pregnancy
    Bone & Joint Health
    Cancer Risk
    Cardiovascular Health
    Cognitive Function
    Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
    Digestive Health
    Energy
    Eye Health
    Healthy Aging
    Immune Function
    Infant & Children's Health
    Inflammation
    Men's Health
    Mood Health & Sleep
    Oral Health
    Sexual & Reproductive Health
    Skin Health
    Sports Nutrition
    Weight Management/Weight Loss
    Women's Health

    Kyowa Hakko Appoints Dr. Colin Hill to Immuse Scientific Advisory Board

    Expert Consensus Statement: Diet is Best Primary Intervention to Achieve Diabetes Remission

    Choline Alone May Improve Maternal DHA Status During Pregnancy

    Cranberry Consumption Linked to Memory and Neurological Function Improvements

    Bilberon Bilberry Extract Receives U.S. Patent For Eye Strain, Neck/Shoulder Pain
    Industry Events
    Live From Show Events
    Webinars
    All Companies
    Categories
    Trade Associations
    Company Capabilities
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Botanic Healthcare LLC

    Xsto Solutions

    ESHA Research

    KLK OLEO

    Gencor
    Companies
    Product Releases
    News Releases
    Literature / Brochures
    White Papers
    Jobs
    VIdeos
    Services
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Botanic Healthcare LLC

    Xsto Solutions

    ESHA Research

    KLK OLEO

    Gencor
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issue
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Buyers' Guide
      • All Companies
      • Categories
      • Trade Associations
      • Company Capabilities
    • Nutraceuticals
      • Antioxidants
      • Dairy-Based Ingredients
      • Enzymes
      • Fatty Acids
      • Fiber & Carbohydrates
      • Green Foods
      • Herbs & Botanicals
      • Marine Nutraceuticals
      • Minerals
      • Omega 3s
      • Probiotics & Prebiotics
      • Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids
      • Sweeteners
      • Vitamins
    • Markets
      • Consumer Trends
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Cosmeceuticals / Nutricosmetics
      • Delivery & Dosage Technologies
      • Dietary Supplements
      • Flavors & Colors
      • Functional Foods & Beverages
      • Healthcare Trends
      • Medical Nutrition
      • Mergers & Acquisitions
      • Natural/Organic
      • Nutrition Bars
      • Packaging
      • Pet Nutraceuticals
      • Quality & Safety
      • Regulations
      • Research
      • Testing
      • World Markets
    • Health
      • Bone & Joint Health
      • Cancer Risk
      • Cardiovascular Health
      • Cognitive Function
      • Diabetes & Blood Sugar Management
      • Digestive Health
      • Energy
      • Eye Health
      • Healthy Aging
      • Immune Function
      • Infant & Children's Health
      • Inflammation
      • Men's Health
      • Mood Health & Sleep
      • Oral Health
      • Sexual & Reproductive Health
      • Skin Health
      • Sports Nutrition
      • Weight Management/Weight Loss
      • Women's Health
    • Online Exclusives
    • Webinars
    • Slideshows
    • Blogs & Guest Articles
    • Health E-Insights
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Infographics
    • eBook
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • TrendSense
      • Monograph Center
      • White Papers
      • Research News
    • Jobs
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Supplier Showcases
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • News Releases
      • Literature / Brochures
      • White Papers
      • Jobs
      • VIdeos
      • Services
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Online Exclusives

    CoQ10’s Universe Continues to Expand

    Recent conference sheds new light on advances in CoQ10 research.

    Related CONTENT
    • Quality Testing of CoQ10 and Quercetin Brands Sold on Amazon Finds Continued Failure
    • ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021
    • Heart Health Dietary Supplement Market Influences & Opportunities
    • NOW Finds Quality, Potency Issues with Glutathione Supplements on Amazon
    • Ubiquinone Ingredient Linked to Improved Athletic Performance Among Cyclists
    Sid Shastri, MSc07.26.10
    CoQ10 has become one of the most important nutrients in the nutrition industry, far beyond its original role as an esoteric, "specialty" antioxidant. The mitochondrial star used to be only a single-entity product, but it is now an anchor ingredient in a variety of formulations ranging from sports nutrition to cognitive health.
     
    Recently, the CoQ10 community marked a special moment as it celebrated the 6th International Coenzyme Q10 Association symposium (May 27th-30th, 2010), held in Brussels, Belgium. This biennial event is a rare opportunity to learn from researchers around the world on the latest breakthroughs in CoQ10, including topics related to mitochondrial bioenergetics, metabolic, and neurological aspects.  
     
    Parkinsonism & Huntington’s disease
     
    One of the highlights of the symposium was a presentation by neuroscientist Dr. Flint Beal, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience at Weill Medical College of Cornell University. His research includes authoring or co-authoring more than 300 scientific articles, as well as serving on the editorial board of seven journals. Dr. Beal presented some of his group’s most recent findings on mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases, specifically involving animal models of Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease to compare ubiquinol and conventional CoQ10.
     
    In one of the animal models, they utilized a neurotoxin called MPTP, which induces effects in the brain that are analogous to clinical and biochemical changes seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Administration of the MPTP caused the formation of alpha synuclein aggregates, which are a major pathological hallmark found in Parkinson’s disease. The rodents treated with CoQ10 (both ubiquinone—the oxidized form of CoQ10—and ubiquinol forms) had significantly less formation of these aggregates. Additionally, the scientists noted that the ubiquinol form resulted in higher plasma levels and exerted a greater neuroprotective effect against the damaging effect of MPTP. 
     
    Another nutrient that Dr Beal’s group investigated was creatine, the naturally-occurring alpha amino acid derivative. In the form of phosphocreatine, it can be an ATP (energy) buffer that can be critical for tissues with high energy requirements like the brain and muscle. Utilizing mouse models of Parkinson’s disease (MPTP) and Huntington’s disease (3-NP and transgenic model), the scientists tested CoQ10 and creatine, separately and in combination. The research revealed that the combination of CoQ10 and creatine (ratio of 1:2) exerted additive neuroprotective effects against both MPTP, 3-NP, and transgenic models of neurodegeneration. While CoQ10 and creatine are involved in different energetic pathways, the experimental research indicates a promising possibility for future studies of the combination.
     
    CoQ10 & Heart Dysfunction
     
    Cardiologists eagerly anticipated the lecture from Dr. Peter Langsjoen, based in Texas. He discussed his experiences during the last four years with ubiquinol and patients at his clinic. An initial group of subjects with end stage congestive heart failure (NYHA Class IV) were being given an average of 450 mg per day of ubiquinone. Despite the supplemental ubiquinone, blood values were a mean of 1.6 mcg/mL plasma. Distilling decades of experience in cardiology, Dr. Langsjoen pointed out that the blood values necessary for a beneficial effect continue to be recalibrated higher. In 1980, the therapeutic value was thought to require x>1.0 mcg/mL CoQ10 of plasma. By 1990, that value was 2.5 mcg/mL of plasma. Their most recent work indicates that blood values in excess of 3.5 mcg/mL of plasma are sought for therapeutic effect.
     
    In the hopes of improving their cardiovascular health, these Class IV CHF patients were then switched over to the ubiquinol form. The results showed a dramatic increase in bioavailability, achieving desired therapeutic plasma values only with the ubiquinol. Based on the initial data, Dr. Langsjoen expanded the number of patients on ubiquinol. And for a variety of markers associated with cardiovascular function, ranging from plasma CoQ10 levels to ejection fraction, the ubiquinol showed better benefit with less amounts required. For instance, ejection fractions were at more than 41% for ubiquinone and 48% for ubiquinol; NYHA Class on ubiquinol was 1.6, while subjects on ubiquinone were at 2.5. As these positive effects were observed, they have administered the ubiquinol to approximately another 300 patients. In the future, work by Dr. Langsjoen will look at 200 mg of ubiquinol twice daily with meals, with exclusion of greater than 300 IUs per day of vitamin E (as tocopherol may antagonize absorption).
     
    Tales of Tails & Genes
     
    Often, the CoQ10 molecule is described as having a polar region (benzoquinone or benzoquinol) and a flat, non-polar/hydrophobic region called the “tail.” The tail is a decaprenylated side chain, and in mammals only CoQ9 and CoQ10 are found (the former only in rodents). One of the poster presentations by a group of scientists led by University of Granada (Spain) evaluated the effects of CoQ10, CoQ2 and idebenone (which has a 10 carbon side chain as opposed to a 50 carbon chain for CoQ10) in oxidative stress and energetics. This novel in vitro experiment was conducted on fibroblast cells from patients that were known to have a primary CoQ10 deficiency, which is a pathogenic mutation on any of the CoQ genes. Other patients with mitochondrial genetic mutations independent of the CoQ biosynthesis pathway are considered a secondary deficiency.
     
    Looking at this model is relevant, as researchers have noted an increase in the number of patients with mitochondrial disorders showing a deficiency of CoQ. The scientists determined that the short tailed version of CoQ10 (CoQ2) and idebenone were not able to replace the function of CoQ10 in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In other words, the tail is not simply an appendage but rather an indispensable component of the CoQ10 molecule.
     
    Genetics Research & CoQ10
     
    The increasing sophistication of our understanding of CoQ10 can be seen from the works of Dr. Schmelzer and her team of researchers at the University of Kiel in Germany. These molecular scientists have published numerous studies investigating the effects of CoQ10 (both ubiquinone and ubiquinol) on gene expression in many different in vitro (murine and human cells) and in vivo models.
     
    Of the series of studies they’ve published, one of their original publications showed CoQ10 exerted an anti-inflammatory presence against a known inflammatory agent called lipopolysaccharide. Further research from the group involved an in vivo experiment (SAMP1, an accelerated aging rodent model) where they detected the presence of redox-sensitive genes, specifically ubiquinol-dependent gene networks that are involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism. In the same study, the research also indicated that, in comparison to ubiquinone, ubiquinol supplementation was more effective at increasing total CoQ10 levels in the liver. 
     
    At the conference, the German researchers presented their latest findings of a clinical investigation involving 53 subjects administered 150 mg ubiquinol per day. Isolated monocytes were sampled from the subjects to conduct stringent microarray review. It was learned that there are ubiquinol-dependent genes in the NFkB (a pivotal pro-inflammatory protein complex) and PPAR-α signaling pathways (PPAR-α is strongly involved in lipid metabolism), again providing evidence that ubiquinol reduces the inflammatory process. Metabolically, the 150 mg per ubiquinol per day was able to show significant reduction effects on serum LDL Cholesterol.
     
    New Faces & The Future
     
    Only at a conference like this might you learn of things like genetic mutation causing CoQ10 deficiencies or the structural importance of the CoQ10 tail. The CoQ10 universe continues to expand, and I met with many new scientists—some of whom are just beginning to serve years, if not decades, for this association. But one member in particular provided the leadership for the conference: Dr Gian Paolo Littarru, from Marche Polytechnic University (Ancona, Italy). Dr Littarru’s research in CoQ10 spans more than 40 years and his efforts were central to the success of this symposium.
     
     
    About the author: Sid Shastri is the product development manager for Kaneka Nutrients. He holds a degree in human biodynamics from the University of California Berkeley. In 2004, Mr. Shastri earned his master’s of science degree in human nutrition from the University of Bridgeport.
    Related Searches
    • Vitamin
    • Lipid
    • Sports Nutrition
    • Research
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Inflammation
    • Cardiovascular Health
    • Sports Nutrition
    Suggested For You
    Quality Testing of CoQ10 and Quercetin Brands Sold on Amazon Finds Continued Failure Quality Testing of CoQ10 and Quercetin Brands Sold on Amazon Finds Continued Failure
    ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021 ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021
    Heart Health Dietary Supplement Market Influences & Opportunities Heart Health Dietary Supplement Market Influences & Opportunities
    NOW Finds Quality, Potency Issues with Glutathione Supplements on Amazon NOW Finds Quality, Potency Issues with Glutathione Supplements on Amazon
    Ubiquinone Ingredient Linked to Improved Athletic Performance Among Cyclists Ubiquinone Ingredient Linked to Improved Athletic Performance Among Cyclists
    Plant-Based Diet May Lead to Lower Ubiquinol Concentrations Plant-Based Diet May Lead to Lower Ubiquinol Concentrations
    NOW Identifies Problems with Curcumin Products on Amazon NOW Identifies Problems with Curcumin Products on Amazon
    CoQ10 Supplementation Shown to Benefit ICU Patients on Mechanical Ventilation in Small Pilot Study CoQ10 Supplementation Shown to Benefit ICU Patients on Mechanical Ventilation in Small Pilot Study
    American River Nutrition Affirms GRAS Status of Geranylgeraniol Ingredient American River Nutrition Affirms GRAS Status of Geranylgeraniol Ingredient
    INS Farms Launches Organic and Conventional Elderberry Seed Oil INS Farms Launches Organic and Conventional Elderberry Seed Oil
    Antioxidants Adapt to New Growth Avenues Antioxidants Adapt to New Growth Avenues
    IFF Olive Leaf Extract Receives Non-GMO Project, CAIRM Certifications IFF Olive Leaf Extract Receives Non-GMO Project, CAIRM Certifications
    CoQ10 and D-Ribose Being Investigated in NIH-funded Heart Failure Study CoQ10 and D-Ribose Being Investigated in NIH-funded Heart Failure Study
    NOW Test of ALA Products Reveals Significant Potency Problems NOW Test of ALA Products Reveals Significant Potency Problems
    Ubiquinol Shown to Improve Endothelial Function in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Dyslipidemia Ubiquinol Shown to Improve Endothelial Function in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Dyslipidemia

    Related Content

    • Breaking News | Dietary Supplements | Industry & Market News | Quality & Safety | Testing
      Quality Testing of CoQ10 and Quercetin Brands Sold on Amazon Finds Continued Failure

      Quality Testing of CoQ10 and Quercetin Brands Sold on Amazon Finds Continued Failure

      Potency issues are prevalent, and several brands claiming to offer products in vegetarian capsules were found to contain gelatin.
      05.10.22

    • Breaking News | Consumer Trends | Dietary Supplements | Industry & Market News
      ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021

      ConsumerLab Survey Reveals Trends in Supplement Usage Across 2021

      Supplements which declined in popularity during the pandemic bounced back over the following year, according to data from 8,049 people.
      02.28.22

    • Cardiovascular Health | Dietary Supplements | Healthcare Trends | Healthy Aging | Herbs & Botanicals | Omega-3s | Probiotics & Prebiotics | Vitamins
      Heart Health Dietary Supplement Market Influences & Opportunities

      Heart Health Dietary Supplement Market Influences & Opportunities

      While product sales have grown modestly, the consumer need for cardiovascular support solutions continues to expand.
      By Danielle Rose, Contributing Writer 11.11.21


    • Antioxidants | Breaking News | Contract Manufacturing | Dietary Supplements | Healthy Aging | Immune Function | Industry & Market News | Inflammation | Quality & Safety | Testing | World Markets
      NOW Finds Quality, Potency Issues with Glutathione Supplements on Amazon

      NOW Finds Quality, Potency Issues with Glutathione Supplements on Amazon

      The latest round of testing comes after the supplement company found issues with several other market-available ingredients.
      10.13.21

    • Antioxidants | Breaking News | Dietary Supplements | Research | Research News | Sports Nutrition
      Ubiquinone Ingredient Linked to Improved Athletic Performance Among Cyclists

      Ubiquinone Ingredient Linked to Improved Athletic Performance Among Cyclists

      MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeting formula, significantly improved time trial performance, possibly due to antioxidant activity, a clinical study found.
      09.02.21

      Trending
      • Vitamin D3, Omega-3s, Exercise May Cumulatively Reduce Cancer Risk In Older Adults | Nutraceuticals World
      • Leaven Essential To Launch Branded Botanical Extracts To Global Markets | Nutraceuticals World
      • Vitamin D3, Omega-3s, Exercise May Cumulatively Reduce Cancer Risk in Older Adults
      • Oregon Files Lawsuit Against GNC | Nutraceuticals World
      • Vitamin K2 Status May Impact Blood Pressure And Pulse Wave Velocity | Nutraceuticals World
      Breaking News
      • GOED Creates Infographic Highlighting Omega-3 Health Claims Approved in Europe
      • Kyowa Hakko Appoints Dr. Colin Hill to Immuse Scientific Advisory Board
      • Expert Consensus Statement: Diet is Best Primary Intervention to Achieve Diabetes Remission
      • Choline Alone May Improve Maternal DHA Status During Pregnancy
      • Cranberry Consumption Linked to Memory and Neurological Function Improvements
      View Breaking News >
      CURRENT ISSUE

      May 2022

      • Aging in Place: Lifestyle Supplements Science-Based Solutions
      • Getting an Edge in Esports: Meeting Health & Nutrition Needs
      • Nutraceuticals for Men: Muscle Health and Performance Nutrition

      Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
      You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

      • About Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms And Conditions
      • Contact Us

      follow us

      Subscribe
      Nutraceuticals World

      Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

      GOED Creates Infographic Highlighting Omega-3 Health Claims Approved in Europe
      Kyowa Hakko Appoints Dr. Colin Hill to Immuse Scientific Advisory Board
      Expert Consensus Statement: Diet is Best Primary Intervention to Achieve Diabetes Remission
      Coatings World

      Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

      What Are You Reading?
      Teknos Receives EcoVadis Gold Medal for Sustainability Performance
      AkzoNobel and Partners Team Up to Hack Carbon Reduction Challenges
      Medical Product Outsourcing

      Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

      MPO's Most-Read Stories This Week—May 21
      Iterative Scopes Expands its Senior Leadership Team
      Viz.ai Raises $100 Million in Series D Funding
      Contract Pharma

      Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

      Piramal Pharma Solutions New API Plant in Canada Now Online
      MG America Appoints Claudio Radossi as President
      Catalent Invests $175M to Expand Mfg. Capabilities at Winchester, KY
      Beauty Packaging

      Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

      Authentic Beauty Concept Launches Second-Generation ‘Refill Bar’
      HASK Beauty Enters Exclusive Partnership with Amazon
      Garance Doré Launches Made in France Skincare Line
      Happi

      Latest Breaking News From Happi

      P&G Closes HQ Due To Security Threat, Launches New Hair Care Line
      SPF Setting Spray, Lip Contour and Knotless Braids Are Hot Trends: Spate
      Nutrafol Launches Collagen Infusion
      Ink World

      Latest Breaking News From Ink World

      Weekly Recap: Zeller+Gmelin, Sun Chemical and Kornit Top This Week’s News
      Nazdar Celebrates 100 Years with a New Look
      hubergroup Chemicals Exhibits at Paint India for First Time
      Label & Narrow Web

      Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

      Brook + Whittle's new acquisition, SunDance goes to HP and more
      Specialty announces move to new facility
      Mark Andy hosts dealer's open house in Warsaw
      Nonwovens Industry

      Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

      Weekly Recap: Kimberly-Clark to Expand Diaper, Wipes Production in Brazil; The Honest Company to Sell Diapers, Wipes at Walmart & More
      3M to Expand in Nebraska
      Nicely Offers Nonwoven Slitters, Winders
      Orthopedic Design & Technology

      Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

      ODT's Most Read Stories This Week—May 21
      FDA Clears Anika Therapeutics' X-Twist Knotless Fixation System
      Paragon 28 Rolls Out TenoTac 2.0 Hammertoe and Soft Tissue Repair
      Printed Electronics Now

      Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

      Weekly Recap: Graphene Flagship, Japan Display and LG Display Top This Week’s Stories
      Evonik Launches New Processing Aids for PV Wafer Cutting
      NREL Creates Highest Efficiency 1-Sun Solar Cell

      Copyright © 2022 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

      AD BLOCKER DETECTED

      Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
      Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


      FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login