In animal models of postmenopausal osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, palm tocotrienols had similar benefits as a combination of glucosamine and calcium.
Athletes who supplemented with prebiotics and a probiotic blend called Herbaferm saw positive changes in several anthropometric measures compared to placebo.
A study found that an eight-week treatment regimen with the annatto-derived ingredient led to significant increases in testosterone in the participants.
Despite initial negative findings, a secondary analysis of the large-scale study found cocoa extract improved cognition for those with poor diet at baseline.
While the study didn't include calcium supplementation, it was nonetheless "striking" that vitamin D alone made no difference, according to the authors.